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Lecture 15
Piezoelectricity, Pyroelectricity
and Ferroelectricity
Ref: Richerson, Modern Ceramic Engineering, Dekker, 1992, pp.267–286.
Piezoelectricity
Piezoelectricity is the ability of some materials (notably crystals and
certain ceramics) to generate an electric charge in response to
applied mechanical stress. If the material is not short-circuited, the
applied charge induces a voltage across the material.
20 NON-CENTROSYMMETRY 12 CENTROSYMMETRY
20 PIEZOELECTRIC
10 NON-PYROELECTRIC 10 PYROELECTRIC
Correlation among piezoelectric, pyroelectric,
and ferroelectric properties
ferroelectric
dielectric
pyroelectric
piezoelectric
Before subjecting the material to some external stress:
the centres of the negative and positive charges of each molecule coincide,
the external effects of the charges are reciprocally cancelled,
as a result, an electrically neutral molecule appears.
Eventually:
the facing poles inside the material are mutually cancelled,
a distribution of a charge appears in the material’s surfaces and the material
is polarized,
the polarization generates an electric field and can be used to transform the
mechanical energy of the material’s deformation into electrical energy
PIEZOELECTRICITY
Whatever is the
direction of
applied force, the
center of mass
(CM) of positive
charges will
always coincide
with that of
negative charges
All piezoelectric crystals are anisotropic and have no centre of symmetry,
and they tend to polarize permanently.
Even these, they are not piezoelectric in all directions.
Example:
A compressive stress
applied in [100] direction
polarize quartz, while
stress in [001] direction
causes no polarization.
PIEZOELECTRICITY
e = dE
d = piezoelectric constant
Strain produced by field, g = constant
1
E=
gd
Telephone/Microphone
Sound of a particular
frequency produces a strain in
Transducer A (a piezoelectric
material). The dimensional
changes polarize the crystal,
creating a voltage signal.
D = e0 E + P
dD dE dP
= e0 +
dT dT dT
Generalised pyroelectric Pyroelectric
coefficient coefficient
Off the 20 piezoelectric crystal classes, 10 classes are pyroelectric.
Examples: Wurtzite (hexagonal ZnS), BaTiO3, Pb(Zr, Ti)O3, LiTaO3
T = 120 – 1460 ºC
T ≤ 120 ºC
As T is increased,
Loop gets thinner
Becomes straight-line above Curie point when the material is no longer ferroelectric