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Air Compressors
COMPRESSOR – A device which takes a definite quantity of fluid ( usually gas, and
Reciprocating Rotary
Centrifugal
2. Principle of Operation
Fig. shows single-acting piston actions in the
cylinder of a reciprocating compressor.
The piston is driven by a crank shaft via a
connecting rod.
At the top of the cylinder are a suction valve
and a discharge valve.
A reciprocating compressor usually has two,
three, four, or six cylinders in it.
Reciprocating Compressor - Working
Reciprocating Compressor – Equation for Work
3 2’ 2 2”
P2 PV C
(Isothermal)
PV C
(Adiabatic)
Pressure
PV n C
4 1 (Polytropic)
P1
V2 V1
Volume
Operations : 4 – 1 : Volume V1 of air aspirated into Compressor, at P1 and T1.
1 – 2 : Air compressed according to PVn = Const. from P1 to P2.
→ Temp increase from T1 to T2.
2 – 3 : Compressed air at P2 and V2 with temperature T2 is delivered.
Reciprocating Compressor – Equation for Work
During Compression, due to the excess temperature above surrounding, the air will
exchange the heat to the surrounding.
Compression Index, n is always less than γ, the adiabatic index.
As Compressor is a work consuming device, every effort is desired to reduce the work.
V2 V1
Reciprocating Compressor – Equation for Work
n
Wiso P2V2 P1V1
n 1
3 2’ 2 2”
P2 PV C n P2V2
P1V1 1
(Isothermal)
n 1 P1V1
PV C
(Adiabatic)
PV n C
P1V1 P2V2
n n
4 1 (Polytropic) Now,
P1
1/ n
V2 P1
V2 V1 V1 P2
n
P2 P1
1/ n
Wiso P1V1 1
1 2
n 1 P P
Reciprocating Compressor – Equation for Work
n
P2 P2
1/ n
Wiso P1V1 1
1 1
n 1 P P n 1
n
P2 n
Wiso PV
1 1 1
3 2’ 2 2”
PV C
n 1 P1
P2
(Isothermal)
PV C n 1
n P n
mRT1 2 1
(Adiabatic)
Wiso
4
PV n C n 1 P1
P1
1 (Polytropic)
The solution of this equation is always positive.
V2 V1 This shows that Work is done TO the Compressor.
Delivery Temperature,
n 1
n
P2 n Wiso mRT2 T1
T2 T1
P n 1
1
Reciprocating Compressor – Equation for Work
Clearance Volume :
PV n C n 1
n P2 n
Wact P1V1 1
5 4 1 n 1 P1
P1
V3 V4 V1 n 1
n P n
P1V4 2 1
Effective Swept Volume, V1-V4 n 1 P1
Clearance Volume,
V3=Vc Swept Volume, V1-V3=Vs
Total Volume, V1 n
P2 P1
1/ n
Wact P1 V1 V4 1
1 2
n 1 P P
Reciprocating Compressor – Equation for Power
The actual power input to the compressor is larger than the indicated power, due to
the work necessary to overcome the losses due to friction.
Shaft Power = Indicated Power + Friction Power
Indiacted power
Compressor mechanical Efficiency
Shaft power
n
m R T2 T1
Indicated Power P
indicated
n 1
n 1
n P2 n
Pindicated m RT1 1
n 1 P1
P n
n 1
n
Pindicated p1 V 1
2
n 1 P1
V Volume induced per unit time
Reciprocating Compressor – Volumetric Efficiency
Volumetric Efficiency :
↓ Volumetric Efficiency
V1 V4
vol
5 4 1 V1 V3
P1
V1 V3 V3 V4 1
V3
V4
V1 V3 V1 V3 V1 V3
V3 V4 V1
Effective Swept Volume,
V1-V4 V3 V4 V
Clearance Volume, 1 3
V3=Vc Swept Volume, V1-V3=Vs V1 V3 V1 V3 V3
Total Volume, V1 V3 V3 V
1 4
V1 V3 V1 V3 V3
Reciprocating Compressor – Volumetric Efficiency
6 3 2
P2 V3 V4
vol 1 1
V1 V3 V3
V3 V4
vol 1 1
V1 V3 V3
5 4 1
Vc P3
1/ n
P1
vol 1 1
Vs P4
V3 V4 V1
Effective Swept Volume,
V1-V4
Vc P2
1/ n
Clearance Volume, vol 1 1
V3=Vc Vs P1
Swept Volume, V1-V3=Vs
Total Volume, V1
Reciprocating Compressor – Actual P-V Diagram
Receiver Pressure 1-2-3-4-1 : Theoretical P-V Diagram.
Pressure rise, followed by valve bounce and then pressure settles at a level higher than
the delivery pressure level.
Pt 101.325KN / m 2
Tt 15 C 288K
0
Reciprocating Compressor – Multistage
Intercooler
Air Intake
Reciprocating Compressor – Multistage
Delivery Pr. 6 9 3 5 Overall Pr. Range : P1 – P3
Perfect Intercooling
P3 or Pd
Single – stage cycle : 8-1-5-6
Without Intercooling
H.P. Without Intercooling :
PV n C L.P. : 8-1-4-7
Intermediate Pr. 7 4
P2 H.P. : 7-4-5-6
2 PV C
L.P. With Intercooling :
Intake Pr. 8 1 L.P. : 8-1-4-7
P1 or Ps
H.P. : 7-2-3-6
Volume
Perfect Intercooling : After initial compression in L.P. cylinder, air is cooled in the
Intercooler to its original temperature, before entering H.P. cylinder
i.e. T2 = T1 OR
Points 1 and 2 are on SAME Isothermal line.
Reciprocating Compressor – Multistage
Ideal Conditions for Multi – Stage Compressors :
n 1
P5
P1 V1 1
n n
H.P. W
n 1 P1
7 PV n C
4
2 PV C Delivery Temperature,
L.P. n 1
8 1 P5 n
T5 T1
P
1
Reciprocating Compressor – Multistage
B. Two – Stage Compressor (Without Intercooling) :
Without Intercooling :
6 9 3 5 L.P. : 8-1-4-7
H.P. : 7-4-5-6
H.P. n 1
P4
P1 V1 1
n n
PV n C W
7 4 n 1 P1
2 PV C
L.P. n 1
P5
P4 V4 1
n n
8 1
n 1 P4
7 PV n C Now, T2 = T1
4
P2V2 = P1V1
2 PV C
L.P.
8 Also P4 = P 2
1
n 1 n 1
P2 P3
2
n n n
W P1 V1
n 1 P1 P2
Shaded Area 2-4-5-3-2 : Work Saving due to Intercooler…!!
Reciprocating Compressor – Multistage
Condition for Min. Work :
Intermediate Pr. P2 → P1 : Area 2-4-5-3-2 → 0
7 PV n C
n 1
n 1
P1 V1 2 3 2
4 n P n P n
W
2 PV C n 1 P1 P2
L.P.
For min. Work,
8 1
n 1 n 1
P P
d 2
n n
3
P1 P2
dW
0
dP2 dP2
Reciprocating Compressor – Multistage
Condition for Min. Work :
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1
1
n 1
2 P
n
1
P3
n
2 P
n
1
0
P1 n n n
6 9 3 5
P2 1/ n P1 P
n 1
n
2 n 1 3
H.P. P2 n
PV n C
P2 2 P1 P3
7 4
2 PV C
L.P.
P2 P
8 1 P2 P1 P3 OR 3
P1 P2
Reciprocating Compressor – Multistage
P2 obtained with this condition (Pr. Ratio per stage is equal) is the Ideal Intermediate
Pr. Which, with Perfect Intercooling, gives Minimum Work, Wmin.
P2 P3
Equal Work per cylinder…!! P1 P2
n 1 n 1
P P
P1 V1 2 2 2
n n n
W
n 1 P1 P1
n 1
P1 V1 2 1
2n P n
W
n 1 P1
n 1
P1 V1 3 1
2n P 2 n
W
n 1 P1
Reciprocating Compressor – Efficiency
Indicated Power : Power obtained from the actual indicator card taken during a
test on the compressor.
1
P1 V1 1 2
P
1 P1
adiabatic
Brake Power required to drive the Compressor
A. Spray Injection : Assimilation of water into the compressor cylinder towards the
compression stroke.
Object is to cool the air for next operation.
B. Water Jacketing : Circulating water around the cylinder to help for cooling the
air during compression.
Reciprocating Compressor – Efficiency
How to Increase Isothermal Efficiency ?
C. Inter – Cooling : For high speed and high Pr. Ratio compressors.
Compressed air from earlier stage is cooled to its original
temperature before passing it to the next stage.
D. External Fins : For small capacity compressors, fins on external surfaces are useful.
E. Cylinder Proportions : Short stroke and large bore provides much greater surface
for cooling.
Cylinder head surface is far more effective than barrel surface.
Reciprocating Compressor – Efficiency
Clearance Volume : Consists of two spaces.
1. Space between cylinder end & the piston to allow for wear.
2. Space for reception of valves.
High – class H.P. compressors : Clearance Vol. = 3 % of Swept Vol.
: Lead (Pb) fuse wire used to measure the gap between
cylinder end and piston.
P3 = P 2 and P4 = P1
n 1
P1 (V1 V4 ) 2 1
5 4 1 n P n
P1 W
n 1 P1
V3 V4 V1
Effective Swept Volume,
V1-V4 n 1
P
P1 Va 2 1
Clearance Volume, n n
V3=Vc
P1
Swept Volume, V1-V4=Vs
n 1
Total Volume, V1
Reciprocating Compressor – Work Done
n 1
P2
m1 R T1 1
n n
W
P2
6 3 2
n 1 P1
m1 is the actual mass of air delivered.
Total Volume, V1