PCI 6th Edition

Preliminary Component Selection

 Presentation Outline

• Building optimization
• Preliminary sizing
• Load tables
• Additional gravity loading considerations
• Fire Resistance considerations
• Vibration considerations
• Thermal considerations
 Building Optimization

• Maximize repetitive and modular

dimensions
• Use simple spans
• Standardize openings
• Use local component sizes
• Minimize component types and sizes
 Building Optimization

• Consider tolerances in connection design

• Avoid over specifying design requirements
– Allowable stresses
– Allowable cambers
– Allowable Deflections
– Coatings on reinforcing steel
– Embedded hardware
– Loose Connection hardware
 Building Optimization

• Use of exterior wall panels as load bearing

components and structural walls
• Maximize form use and minimize form
differences / variation

• Contact a local producer as early as

possible during the design development
stages of a project for assistance and
answering questions
 Why estimate component size?

• To verify the product fits the application

• Establish floor to floor height
• Establish floor area
• To estimate project cost
 Preliminary Analysis Should Include:

• Framing dimensions
• Span-to-depth ratios
• Connection concepts
• Gravity and lateral load resisting system
• Mechanisms for the control of volume
changes
 Preliminary Span to Depth Ratios

• Hollow-core
– Floor slabs 30 to 40
– Roof slabs 40 to 50
• Stemmed Components
and Solid Slabs
– Floor 25 to 35
– Roof 35 to 40
• Beams 10 to 20
 Load Table Assumptions

• Flexural strength
• Shear strength
• Release stresses
• Stress limits under service loads
 Flexural Strength Control

• Equivalent uniform load

• Evaluated at critical moment sections
• Load factors: 1.2D + 1.6L
• Strength reduction factor: f = 0.9
 Release Stress Limits

• Compression limit: 7f`c

• Tension limit: 6 f`c

 Service Loading Stress Limits

• Extreme fiber in compression

– Prestress plus sustained loads: 0.45f’c
– Prestress plus total load: 0.6f’c
• Extreme fiber in tension
12 f`c
– Double tees and beams:
– Flat Deck Members: 7.5 f`c
 Shear Strength Control

• Load Factor: 1.2D + 1.6L

• Strength Reduction Factor: f = 0.75
 Beam Load Tables

• Loading is uniform
• Strength design - same as double tees
• Stress limits - same as double tees
 Load Table In-depth

PCI Design Handbook, 6th Edition Page 2-16

 Load Table In-depth

• Section dimensions
• Section properties
• Material properties
• Strand geometry
• Depression points
 Load Table

• Section dimensions
• Section properties
• Material properties
• Strand geometry
• Depression points
 Load Table

• Section dimensions
• Section properties
• Material properties
• Strand geometry
• Depression points
 Load Table

• Section dimensions
• Section properties
• Material properties
• Strand geometry
• Depression points
 Load Table

• Section dimensions
• Section properties
• Material properties
• Strand geometry
• Depression points
 Load Table Example

Given:
Section geometry and material properties
• 10DT24 roof tee
• Lightweight concrete
• f’c = 5000 psi
• f’ci min = 3500 psi
• Design length = 58’-6”
 Load Table Example

Given:
Design Loads
• Superimposed Dead Load = 10 psf (roofing)
• Superimposed Live Load = 30 psf (snow)
Total Service Load = 40 psf (for design tables)
Problem:
• Determine a suitable strand pattern from load
tables
 Load Table Example

PCI Design Handbook, 6th Edition Page 2-16

 Resulting Strand Pattern

• (8) ½” f 270ksi strands

• Straight strand pattern
• 2.6” Camber at erection
• 2.2” Camber long term
• Assumptions
– Initial pull = 0.75fpu
– Initial losses = 10%
– Total losses = 20%
• Always develop a final design based on specific
conditions
 Load Tables

• Limitations
– Special materials
• Concrete
• Strand
– Unique geometry
• Pie shaped pieces
• Blockouts
– Special or unique loading
conditions
– Fire truck loading
 Additional Loading Considerations

• Snow
• Drifting loads
 Additional Loading Considerations

• Snow
• Drifting loads
• Corridor loads
• Walkways
 Additional Loading Considerations

• Snow
• Drifting loads
• Corridor loads
• Walkways
• Impact
• Combination of load
 Additional Loading Considerations

• Snow
• Drifting loads
• Corridor loads
• Impact
• Combination
of load
• Beware of piling snow
– Add Snow gate/chute
 Fire Resistance Considerations

• Time Ratings
• Based on
– Square footage
– Building type
– Cover
Requirements
 Fire Resistance Considerations

• Three Methods to
Determine Fire
Resistance Rating
– Testing (§703) – ASTM E
119
– Prescriptive (§720)
– Calculated (§721)
 Office Building Example

Given:
– Exterior bearing wall system
– Floor system
Assumptions
– Unlimited area potential
– Using prescriptive methods
Problem:
– Determine required wall and floor resistance
requirements and reinforcing cover
 Solution Steps

Step 1 - Determine group classification

Step 2 - Determine construction type based on
building area and available footprint
Step 3 - Determine component resistance
requirements
Step 4 - Determine reinforcing cover
requirements
 Step 1 – Group Occupancy Classification

• Section 303
– IBC 2003
• Group Classification
– Group A – Assembly
– Group B – Business
– Group E – Educational
– Group F – Factory
– Group H – High Hazard
– Group I – Institutional
– Group M – Mercantile
– Group R – Residential
– Group S – Storage
– Group S-2 – Parking Garage
– Group U – Other / Utility
 Step 2 – Determine Construction Type

• Table 503 IBC 2003

– Allowable Height
and Building Areas
• Based on
– Building Group
– Building Size

• Group – B
• Unlimited Footprint
• Construction Type
Type I - B
 Step 3 – Wall Resistance Requirements

• Table 602
– IBC 2003
• Function of Building
Element and
Construction Type

• Example –
– Exterior Bearing Wall
– Type I B 2 hour
 Step 3 – Wall Resistance Requirements

• Table 602
– IBC 2003
• Function of Building
Element and
Construction Type
• Example –
– Floor
Construction
– Type I B
2 hour

2 hour
 Step 4 – Thickness of Insulating Material - Wall

• Table 720.1
– IBC 2003
 Step 4 – Thickness of Insulating Material - Floor

• Table 720.1
– IBC 2003
 Example Conclusion

• Office
– Unlimited Area
– Maximum 11 Stories / 160 ft
• Type IB Construction
• Exterior Bearing Wall
– 2 hours
– 1 ½” Cover
• Floor System
– 2 hours
– 2 ½” Cover
 Code Endurance Table Example

Given:
The following Double Tee (page
9-49)
Assumptions
– Strands are ½” diameter
– Siliceous aggregate
– Normal weight concrete
– Topped System
– Restrained
Problem:
For a 2 hr rating determine
– The strand cover required
– Floor Thickness required
 Solution Steps

Step 1 – Determine effective cross sectional

area and associated cover requirements
Step 2 – Compare to cover provided
Step 3 – Determine heat transfer requirements and
compare to provided conditions
 Step 1 – Effective Area and Required Cover

• Table 9.3.7.1(5) (Page 49)

• Average Stem Width
(3.75 + 5.75)/2 = 4.75 in
• Effective Flange width = 3 x Avg Stem
3(4.75) = 14.25 in.
• Aeff = 22(4.75)+14.25(5)=175.75 in2
 Step 2 – Supplied Cover

• Side cover provided

[3.75 + (3.5/22)(5.75–3.75) – 0.5]/2 = 1.78 in
• Bottom cover provided
2 – 0.5/2 = 1.75 in
• Both exceed 1 ½ in OK
 Step 3 – Heat Transfer

• Per Figure 9.3.6.1

5 in Minimum
• Provided
2 in tee flange
and
3 in topping
= 5 in total
 Vibration Considerations

• Causes
– Machinery
– Exercise
– Cars
– Walking
– Impact
 Minimize Vibration or Affects

The goal
Decrease the amplitude of the vibration
OR
Decrease the Systems Natural Frequency

• Decrease Span
• Increase Mass
 Vibration Solution

• Based on minimum natural frequencies

• Calculations are approximate as
estimation of damping and human
response is varied
 Types of Analysis Methods

• Based on excitation
– Walking
– Rhythmic Activities
– Mechanical Equipment
 Natural Frequency

• Vibration limits are a function of

Natural Frequency, fn
 g
fn   
 D

Where
g – Acceleration due to gravity
D – Displacement of system
 Minimum fn

• Floors with natural frequencies lower

than 3 Hertz are not recommended
• People may more readily synchronize
their actions at lower frequencies
 Damping

• Handbook references are based on modal

damping
• Highly dependent on the non-structural items
– Partitions
– Ceilings
– Furniture
 Harmonics

• Higher modes of vibration

• Deal with
– Rhythmic Activities
– Oscillating Equipment
 Office DT Example

Given:
– 10DT32+2
• Page 2-18
– Open office area
– 60-ft span
Problem:
– Check for vibration
caused by walking.
 Solution

• Find the systems minimum Natural

Frequency, fn and compare it to the
Fundamental Frequency, f

f ≥ fn
 Solution Steps

Step 1 – Establish natural frequency equation

Step 2 – Determine natural frequency
parameters
Step 3 – Calculate the effective weight
Step 4 – Calculate natural frequency
Step 5 – Determine expected system frequency
 Step 1 – Establish Natural Frequency

• Systems Natural Frequency - Empirical formula based on

walking
• Represents smallest natural frequency to prevent
disturbance
• Equation 9.7.6.1

  K 
fn  2.86 ln   Units of 2.86 are 1/sec

  bW  

Where:
W – Effective Weight
K, b – factor representing structure type and damping
 Step 2 – Natural Frequency Parameters

• K and b
– Table 9.7.6.1 (pg 9-69)

Footnotes:
a. For floors with few non-structural components and furnishings, open work area, and
churches
b. For floors with non-structural components and furnishings, cubicles
c. For floors with full-height partitions
 Step 3 – Calculate Effective Weight

• Effective Weight (W)

W = w · (Effective Area)

w = supported Load

• Effective Area = [60%(L)] · L = 0.6L2

W=w·0.6l2
 Step 3 – Calculate Effective Weight

• Supported Load
– Superimposed Load - Assume 10 psf
– Dead Load - Double Tee + Topping

2in
w  64psf  150pcf  10psf  99 psf
12 in
ft
• Effective Weight

   214 kips
2
W=w  0.6l2  99psf  0.6  60ft
 Step 4 – Calculate Natural Frequency

  K 
fn  2.86 ln  
• Recall   bW  

  13kips 
fn  2.86 1 ln kips   3.18 hz
sec   0.2  214kips  
 Step 5 – Expected Fundamental Frequency

• Fundamental Frequency of selected floor units

Figure 9.7.4.1 (Page 9-68)

3.8
 Example Conclusion

• Calculated Minimum Natural Frequency

fn = 3.18hz
• Expected Fundamental Frequency
f = 3.8hz

f ≥ fn - Therefore OK
 Thermal Considerations

• Thermal Calculations
– Thermal Resistance: R -Values
– Heat Transmittance: U - Values
• Thermal Lag or Storage –
– Significant benefit of Precast Concrete
Construction
• Moisture Control
• Thermal Bridging
 Thermal Calculations

• Thermal Resistance: R -Values

– Example Table 9.1.4.1
– Page 9-7
 Thermal Calculations

• Heat Transmittance:
– U - Values

1
U
R
 Thermal Lag or Storage

• Thermal Lag or
Storage –
– Significant benefit of
Precast Concrete
Construction
 Moisture Control Discussion

• Air Barriers
• Vapor Retarder
 Air Barriers

• Continuity throughout the building

envelope
• Ability to support a differential air
pressure
• Must be virtually air impermeable
• Must be durable
 Vapor Retarder

• Low permeability materials

• Stop or retard the passage of moisture
 Typical Wythe Connection Methods

• Wythe Ties

• Solid Zones
 Purpose

• To create larger section properties for

structural considerations
• Maintain structural integrity between the
multiple wythes of concrete
 Thermal Bridging

• Direct Link / Bridge through a primary

insulating material connecting two or
more non-insulating materials
 Thermal Bridging

• Effect of these Bridges

– Cold Spots
– Condensation Buildup
• Calculating R and U values
– Zonal Method – Metal Ties
– Characteristic Section Method – Solid Zones
 Thermal Bridging Calculations

• Calculating R and U values

– Zonal Method – Metal Ties
– Characteristic Section Method – Solid
Zones
 Preliminary Design Benefits

• Accurate early
planning for
smooth running
schedule and cost
control
QuickTime™ and a
• Accurate Material Microsoft Video 1 decompressor
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Requirements
• Accurate Section
Geometry
• Precast design
team can provide
benefit to the
entire project
design team
Questions?