The Problem – Need to increase

food productivity
 The Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the
UN predicts that the global population will reach 8
billion people by 2025 and 9.6 billion people by 2050.
In order to keep pace, food production must increase
by 70% by 2050 – 2014
Issues in addressing this problem
 Slow down in productivity – losing interest in
agriculture
 Limited availability of arable land - buildings
 Climate change – El nino, heavy rainfall, intense
storms, environmental changes, etc
 Increasing need for fresh water - 70% of fresh water
supply
 Price and availability of energy – resources to increase
farming
 Impact of urbanisation on rural labour supply –
average age of farmers is increasing
The problem - Farmers suicide
 In 2014, the National Crime Records Bureau of India
reported 5,650 farmer suicides. The highest number of
farmer suicides were recorded in 2004 when 18,241
farmers committed suicide. The farmers suicide rate in
India has ranged between 1.4 and 1.8 per 100,000 total
population, over a 10-year period through 2005
Need of the hour
 FAO recommends all farming sectors should be
equipped with innovation tools and techniques
 Digital technologies to influence
 Precision farming to come in play
 Optimize yield per unit of farming land in a sustainable
way
 Results in good quality, quantity and ROI
Precision Farming
 Uses range of technologies to optimize crop yield
 GPS services
 Sensors
 Big Data
 Relies on technology for DSS rather than historical
information from farmers
 Precision farming that uses all these technologies –
Smart farming
Smart Farming
IoT Components

•Identification
•Sensing
Technologies
•Communication
•Computation
•Services
•Semantics
Smart farming ecosystems
 Technology providers
 Wireless connectivity, sensors, DSS, Big Data Analytics
 Agriculture Equipment and Machinery
 Farm buildings, tractors, seeds, feeds, experts in crop
management
 Customers
 Farmers, cooperatives, farming associations
 Influencers
 Set up of prices, buying / selling markets
Drivers
 Business and Market
 Reduce waste and increase efficiency
 Reduce soil erosion and intensive farming
 Public funding and projects support
 Climate change adaptability
 Technological
 M2M based monitoring and tracking
 Reducing cost of sensors and connectivity
 Improvement in Data management technologies
 Training farmers
Barriers
 Business and Market
 ROI not easy to prove and precision farming is less in
number
 Shortage of young people
 Uncertainty – weather, market, political issues
 Ownership of data
 Technological
 Rural wireless and broadband connectivity
 Sensors standards and communication still an
upcoming field
 Specialist agricultural software still growing
 Uncertainty of data – ownership and protection
Crop Recommendation system based on Big Data
Some Works
Paper Title Algorithm used / Problem solved & Advantage Disadvantage
concepts discussed efficiency

Agriculture Land •Land suitability Given a region and a •Many geo environmental •Limited to very few
Suitability Evaluator model crop the suitability factors like soil, climate, crops
(ALSE): A decision •Multi criteria level is shown for slope, flood and erosion •System not generalized
and planning support analysis different sub-regions hazards are considered for crops
tool for tropical and within the region in •Results for soil suitability •Results on other
subtropical the form of map was good environmental factors
crops,2013,Elsevier •Study area is large (12000 were not good
sq.km)

Land suitability analysis •Analytic Hierarchy A multi-criteria •Much more factors like •Limited to a very small
for Agricultural crops: A Process(AHP) decision making soil, climate, irrigation, area (594 sq.km)
fuzzy multicriteria •Ideal Vector technique is developed infrastructure and socio- •Restricted to single
Decision Making Approach using fuzzy logic and economic factors are crop (rice)
Approach,2003, •Fuzzy AHP land suitability (current considered
suitability) is analysed •Takes uncertainty into
for agricultural crops account
Some Works
Paper Title Algorithm used / Problem solved & Advantage Disadvantage
Concepts discussed efficiency

Crop yield •Classification of dataset •Predicts soil type based •Datasets relating to •Soil information is
prediction using •Proposed an “Agro- on past weather data crop diseases are retrieved using
Agro algorithm” implemented in •Predicts which crop can considered weather information
Algorithm in Hadoop platform be cultivated on a •Recommends which in that region in the
Hadoop,2015 certain type of soil using crop can be grown in past which is not
big data approach. which month reliable

ICT in agriculture •Remote Sensing •Provides details of

Sourcebook technologies for raw data various techniques that
(Section : collection (GIS, GPS, can be used for
Enhancing LiDAR) addressing this issue
Productivity on the •Information Management
farm) (Spatial modeling, Data
mining, Data meditation)
•Dissemination Tools (SMS,
Radio, WiFi)
Some Works
Paper Title Algorithm used / Problem solved & Advantage Disadvantage
Concepts discussed efficiency

Yield prediction of •Digital Evaluation •Predicting the yields •Early estimation of crop •Restricted to single
wheat crop Based model before harvest (95%) yields help in crop (dryland wheat)
upon remote sensing •Atmospheric •Deriving LAI(Leaf Area recommending crops for and single
and GIS,2015 correction Index) from image better profit to farmers region(Malayer
•Geometric satellite data region)
correction •Lot of disadvantages
•Image due to image based
enhancements decision making
•Image classification

Ideas for Growing Food •Classification of •Prediction of crops for •Gives a information on •Importance not given
under Difficult environment given climatic which crop can be grown in for soil types
Conditions •Climatic needs for condition which conditions •Prediction only based
various crops on climatic conditions
Some Works
Paper Title Algorithm used / Problem solved & Advantage Disadvantage
Concepts discussed efficiency

A Review on Expert •Artificial neural network •Using artificial neural •Uses meteorological •Requires huge training
System for Crop network to predict crop daily weather report data
Prediction,2015 yields in different
climatic zones based on
daily weather data.
•Predict crop suitable for
particular soil

Weather forecasting • Weather prediction using •Learns the way •Non linearity • Non trivial to extract
model using Back propagation temperature changes •Able to learn what is the process
and predicts weather going underneath with
Artificial Neural
regards to the decisions
Network, 2012 the ANN is making
ISSUES IN THE WORK
 Texture of the soil not known, unaware if previously manured or
not,etc.

 Uncertainty in data crawled: Will affect results.

 Unified framing of rules : The soil, weather and crop data need to be
collaborated to obtain rules from it.

 Weather conditions for a long period of time needs to be predicted.

Challenging enough to predict for few days.

 Weather challenges: any predictions of heavy climatic changes.

Implemented Not implemented
ISSUES IN THE WORK
 A crop depends on soil type and weather conditions. Similarly weather
conditions are dependent on both region and time period. All these data are
required for framing rules.

 Many practical difficulties during farming should be taken into account

before recommending any crop. Eg. A cyclone or drastic weather change or
El-nino effect.

 For predicting strategies for farming more data about what crops can be
cultivated with the main crop and their weather and soil requirements, what
fertilizers should be used for which crops and when, etc are needed.

 Existing standard tools such as NER, other information extraction tools do

not work on agricultural data.
Implemented Not implemented
 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM
Training
Raw crop data Crawled farming
data
Web Acquire the strategy data
102 years weather data Creating training
regional models Farming strategy
monthly retrieval (semi
weather Data processing supervised learning)
dataset
NER for crop data 5
1 Design of ANN
3 Statistical
cleaning
Training Data set
Training Relation Extraction 6 2
Cost
Regional soil 12 month weather Fuzzy rules prediction
Suitable
Type Data set 4 crops
Preprocessing Fuzzy logic crop Fertilizer
soil data recommendation Selection
Location 7
Farming strategy
New contribution User input Pesticide
N,P,K values selection
Selection
ground water
Modified approach affordability
nearby landscape
8
(hills, rivers), etc End crops and strategy chosen
Existing approach
WEATHER PREDICTION
 Input: Date and region of crop cultivation
 Output: Weather prediction (Average temperature and precipitation) for next 6 - 12
months.
 Methodology:
Acquire weather data and process the data to construct the neural network for the
given region.
Construct the network with inputs as the avg temperature and precipitation for all
12 months and output as the same for the next 12 months.
Construct two hidden neuron layers each having 24 neurons.
Back propagate using some random value as weights initially and train to adjust the
weights.
Train till the root mean square of error is less or till some fixed iterations (say
5000).
Predict the output for next 12 months.
 Acquire the
weather data

BLOCK DIAGRAM Data Processing

WEATHER PREDICTION

Design of ANN

Training of neural
Training dataset
network

Trained neural
network

Testing

Predict weather
output
COST PREDICTION
 Input: Crop cultivated and date of cultivation.
 Output: Cost of the crop cultivated.
 Methodology - ANN:
 Acquire cost data and process the data to construct the neural
network for the given crop.
 Construct the network with inputs as the cost during the previous
years and output as the same for the next year.
 Construct two hidden neuron layers.
 Back propagate using some random value as weights initially and
train to adjust the weights.
 Train till the root mean square of error is less or till some fixed
iterations (say 5000).
 Predict the cost of crop output for next year.
COST PREDICTION
 Methodology – Linear Regression:
 Acquire cost data and process the data to construct the X and Y axis. X – Year.
Y – Price.
 Construct the linear regression to find the mathematical equation for existing
data.
 Use the mathematical formula to predict price for the next year.
CROP DATA EXTRACTION
 Input: PDFs containing crop growing conditions
 Output: Database with list of crops and their suitable growing
condition.
 Tools used: CRFsuite library for NER, Stanford OpenNLP for relation
extraction
 Methodology:
 The first step is Named Entity Recognition in which the crop
elements like temperature, rainfall, soil types are identified and
tagged
 This is combined with Relation Extraction to recognize “suitable”
crop condition. E.g. the data may contain “Rainfall below 1000mm is
not suitable for the crop”
NER
Output of NER
NER
Output of NER
NER FOR CROP DATA
 Block diagram of NER Training
Input data
• NER tags created are data for
• CROP crops
• Temperature
• Rainfall Tokenizer
• SOIL TYPE
• TEXTURE Dictionary features
Tokens
• PH
• SOIL DEPTH
• SALINITY Gtagger
Model files for
(POS, Lemmatizer,
• SODICITY GTagger
Chunking) CRF trainer
• Growing period + labels
Tokens, Lemma,
POS tag, chunk tag

NER Tagger Trained Models

New contribution

Tagged data
Modified approach

Existing approach
NER FOR CROP DATA
 Block diagram of NER Training
Input data
data for
● CRF is used to identify patterns and crops
generate models from the training data
● This model is used by the NER tagger to
Tokenizer
tag the input tokens.

Dictionary features
Tokens

Gtagger
Model files for
(POS, Lemmatizer,
GTagger CRF trainer
Chunking)
+ labels
Tokens, Lemma,
POS tag, chunk tag

NER Tagger Trained Models

New contribution

Tagged data
Modified approach

Existing approach
NER FOR CROP DATA
Training Algorithm:
Gradient descent using the L-BFGS method
Combination of dictionary based and training based approach is used.
Dictionary features are normalized on numbers and case.
Dictionary words are added as one of the features to the NER system and not as a mere look
up.
Features considered:
Word feature (prev and next)
POS tag, Lemma, PrevNextLemma
Numerical feature, Word shape
Position
Class feature
Ngram(letter), DehyphenateNgrams, noMidNGram, maxNGramLen=6
Entity subclassification (IOB style)
CleanGazette feature
TermNormalization
RELATION EXTRACTION
 Input: Output of NER in conll format with Entity tags
 Output: Entity1, Entity2, Relation in conll format
 Tools used: Stanford OpenNLP
 Methodology:
Preprocessing training data
The relation we try to identify is “SUITABLE”. Manually annoate the
relation in the training data
Define a “Reader” to understand the training data
Using a multiclass logistic regression classifier provided by Stanford
NLP the training models are created
FUZZY LOGIC CROP
RECOMMENDATION
Input: Fuzzy rules, 12 month weather parameters prediction , soil parameters for region
Output: best suited crops
Tools Used: pyfuzzy library, for fuzzy logic utilities.
Methodology:
Fuzzify the input parameter from weather and soil block using gaussian mf (provides
better membership for slight variations)
Invoke fuzzy step for each rule.
Infer once each for all 12 month’s weather values
MaxMin method tests magnitude of each rule and selects the highest one. It does not
combine the effect of all applicable rules
Center of gravity of membership functions will be chosen as the suited rule
Will also be considering the window of rules close to the COG and ranked in order by
varying the input parameters
FARMING STRATEGY RETRIEVAL
- Input
FARMING STRATEGY RETRIEVAL
 Input: huge dataset of agricultural books and websites
 Output: retrieved sentences that might relate to farming strategy
 Tools Used: Stanford NLP toolkit, for NLP preprocessing utilities
IEPY, for information retrieval utilities
MYSQL , to store retrieved data
 Methodology:
 Preprocessing crawled documents
 Semi supervised active learning core
 Sentences with 2 or more crop names will be extracted as mixed cropping
sentences
 Sentences with <2 crops or more than 3 crops will be extracted as
miscellaneous farming strategy sentences (can
contain anything from small tips to fertilizer advices)
FARMING STRATEGY RETRIEVAL
Training sample evidences

Sentences Textual Text

from crawled Classifier(SVM) segments
documents analysis (E1,E2,F)

 Textual analysis: Text tokenization and sentence splitting,Text

lemmatization,Part-Of-Speech (POS) tagging,Named Entity
Recognition (NER),Syntactic parsing,TextSegments creation

Existing approach
FARMING STRATEGY RETRIEVAL
Training sample evidences

Sentences Textual Text

from crawled Classifier(SVM) segments
documents analysis (E1,E2,F)

 Features used in classifier:

 number_of_tokens, symbols_in_between, in_same_sentence,
verbs_count, verbs_count_in_between,
total_number_of_entities, other_entities_in_between,
entity_distance, entity_order
 bag_of_word_bigrams_in_between, bag_of_words_in_between,
bag_of_wordpos_bigrams, bag_of_wordpos,
bag_of_word_bigrams, bag_of_pos,
bag_of_words
Existing approach
FARMING STRATEGY SELECTION
 Input: shortlisted crops from fuzzy inference, farming strategy database for
each crop,cost prediction results
 Output: 2 to 3 crop farming suggestions as end output
 Methodology:
 Measures for shortlisting (equal weightage):
 cost predicted for crop
 weather & soil parameter variations for the companion crop
 budget deviation
 earliest weather suitability in the region
 Retain the top ranked strategy overall
 Suggest farming strategy for single and mixed
crop farming

Evaluation
FINAL OUTPUT - UX

Evaluation
FINAL OUTPUT
RAMANATHAPURAM
Summary
 This is a crop recommendation(hybrid) system which utilizes fuzzy
logic to choose from 60 crop rules.
 The large number of crop rules was possible, by devising a crop
fuzzy rules generation algorithm that has been designed using NER
and relation extraction.
 As standard NERs do not support agricultural usage an agricultural
NER system has been proposed as part of the system.
 Further to aid in obtaining the weather parameters of the user’s
region, the standard ANN method is used to predict weather.
 To aid in shortlisting the crops recommended by fuzzy logic, cost
prediction of crop has been done. Here, a comparison between ANN
based and regression equation based approach was made to
choose the best approach to predict cost.
 Along with the recommended crops, farming strategy suggestion and
fertilizer, pesticide selection algorithms have been newly introduced
by us.
Criticisms
 Errors in NER, POS tools used for farming strategy retrieval cause
few improper sentence segments to appear in strategy returned at
the end even after statistical cleaning mechanism.
 It requires much more careful collection of crawled documents and
stricter cleaning methods.
 Variations in weather prediction module results are handled very well
by fuzzy logic. However some weather, soil parameters suit large
number of crops, hence causing a main crop to get obscured by the
other fuzzy rules.
 A simple rewriting or grouping of rules by people knowledge in
agriculture will solve this issue. However other crops returned by
fuzzy logic are reordered well due to the weight formula introduced
using cost prediction, duration and frequency.
 The system is devoid of information about previous utility of land,
nearby landscapes, soil texture.
Enhancements
 The efficiency of agriculture NER can be improved using more
training data and rules, which will allow it to be utilized in farming
strategy retrieval algorithm also, which will highly reduce even the
need for statistical cleaning.
 Fuzzy rules can be extended to consider previous soil utility, and soil
texture using remote sensing on agricultural land. Though it might
make the system expensive to use it will give very precise results.
 Image processing can be done on the soil to obtain soil texture
information.
 More agricultural parameters can be identified to be included in the
system either in fuzzy logic or as a separate module.
 Kharif and Rabi divisions can be done for the crops.
 As a budding domain there are still many requirements in agriculture
that have not been explored.
Crop Recommendation system based on Soil
Image
Image based Recommendation
 A recommendation system that suggests suitable
crops, by examining the soil images and
geographic parameters like slope and terrain
 Farmers do not consider other prospective crops for
their fields mainly due to the lack of information.
Block Diagram
Proposed System – Training Phase
 Image Classifier Trainer
 Description : Training the image classifier with training set
 Input : Training set containing images of various soil classes
along with the appropriate label
 Output : Image Classifier Model
 Recommendation Model Builder
 Description : Training the Recommendation system with
training set
 Input : Training set containing suitable crops for given soil
class, terrain, slope, elevation and other features
 Output : Recommender Model
Proposed System – Testing Phase
 Image Pre-processor
 Description : Pre-process the input image so as to make it suitable for classification using image
classifier
 Input : Soil Image
 Output : Processed soil image
 Image Classifier Evaluator
 Description : Evaluate the processed soil image to identify the soil class using image classifier
 Input : Processed Soil Image
 Output : Soil class of the image
 GPS Information Extractor
 Description : Extract soil information from GPS input data
 Input : GPS data in GPX format
 Output : vector of geographical features for that location
 Recommendation Model Evaluator
 Description : Evaluate the soil class obtained from the image classifier and data obtained from
GPS information using the Recommendation model
 Input : Feature vector containing features like soil class, terrain, slope, elevation, etc
 Output : a list of recommended crops
IoT Agriculture Use Cases
 Livestock Monitoring
 Conservation Monitoring
 Plant and Soil monitoring
Livestock monitoring
 Livestock monitoring is all about animal husbandry and cost
savings.
 Ranchers are able to use wireless IoT applications to gather data
regarding the health, well-being, and location of their cattle.
This information saves them money in two ways:
 This data helps identify sick animals so they can be pulled from
the herd, thus preventing a larger number of sick cattle.
 Ranchers who know where their cattle are located can lower labor
costs.
 Challenges
 difficult to outfit cattle with a collar.
 Could use a wireless retrofitted bolus in the cow’s stomach, which
can communicate via Bluetooth to an eartag.
 Another potential challenge ranchers face is selecting a wireless
monitoring technology with enough battery life to last the lifespan
of the animal. A beef cow, for example, lives 15 months or longer
Conservation monitoring
 Monitoring for endangered rhinos is one of the most
interesting animal IoT use cases.
 Knowing where rhinos in large game facilities are
located can help conservationists protect them and
keep poachers from killing the rhinos for their horn.
Plant and Soil monitoring
 Monitoring plant and soil conditions is a simple use case
 Can lead to a fantastic return on investment for farmers utilizing
sensing technology.
 Three great general uses for agriculture IoT in this space:
 Sensing for soil moisture and nutrients.
 Controlling water usage for optimal plant growth.
 Determining custom fertilizer profiles based on soil chemistry.
 Because the sensors in the use cases above are close to the
ground, using a mesh network can be difficult. There simply isn’t
enough link budget and requires star topologies
 Example: Symphony Link - one access point can talk to a
number of sensors 20-100 square kilometers away.
7 IoT Agriculture and M2M
applications
 OpenIOT’s Phenonet Project
 plant breeders can evaluate the performance of different
wheat varieties using measurements taken from remote
sensors. These sensors monitor things like soil temperature,
humidity, and air temperature and are often used for crop
variety trials.
 TempuTech’s Wireless Sensor Monitoring
 Agricultural storage
 CLAAS’s Equipment
 Receive advice on how to improve crop flow and minimize
grain losses, or automatically optimize equipment
performance.
7 IoT Agriculture and M2M
applications
 CleanGrow’s Carbon Nanotube Probe
 carbon, nanotube-based sensor for monitoring the level of
nutrients in crops, which can allow farmers to alter the color
or maturity rate of produce
 PrecisionHawk’s UAV Sensor Platform
 series of sensors that perform civil applications such as
surveying, mapping, and imaging of agricultural land.
 It’s basically a small airplane that performs in-flight
observations and monitoring.
 Before tossing the plane into the air, farmers tell it what field
to survey and choose a ground resolution or altitude.
 Each plane can detect weather conditions in the air using
artificial intelligence, so it chooses the best flight path to take
based on things like wind speed or air pressure.
7 IoT Agriculture and M2M
applications
 Precision Planting’s Corn Maze
 Precision Planting technology, they were able to plant in the
shape of the map
 TeamDev’s Libelium Network For Tobacco Crop
Quality - Italy
 Tobacco is a critical industry and requires certain
environmental and climatic requirements for optimal growth
and increased crops.
 Sense platform to collect data on weather conditions that may
affect tobacco crops. T
 This technique can be used by tobacco farmers to optimize
their crops in conditions not typically suitable for tobacco
growth.
Conclusion
 IoT is all about connecting systems to have an
integrated view about the activities of farming
 Have a deeper understanding of how the whole
ecosystem work
 Precision farming would be decision farming
 Various sensors that are devised to study the farming
activities in combination with histori
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