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Variations of procedure
Bias Error
Precision
Error
X True X measured
Uncertainty Analysis
The estimate of the error is called the uncertainty.
It includes both bias and precision errors.
We need to identify all the potential significant errors for the
instrument(s).
All measurements should be given in three parts
Mean value
Uncertainty
Confidence interval on which that uncertainty is based
(typically 95% C.I.)
Uncertainty can be expressed in either
absolute terms (i.e., 5 Volts ±0.5 Volts)
or in
percentage terms (i.e., 5 Volts ±10%)
(relative uncertainty = DV / V x 100)
We will use a 95 % confidence interval throughout this course
(20:1 odds).
How to Estimate Bias Error
Manufacturers’ Specifications
If you can’t do better, you may take it from the
manufacturer’s specs.
Accuracy - %FS, %reading, offset, or some
combination (e.g., 0.1% reading + 0.15 counts)
Unless you can identify otherwise, assume that
these are at a 95% confidence interval
Independent Calibration
May be deduced from the calibration process
Use Statistics to Estimate Random Uncert.
Mean: the sum of measurement values divided by
the number of measurements.
1 N
x xi
N i 1
Deviation: the difference between a single result and
the mean of many results.
d i xi x
Standard Deviation: the smaller the standard
deviation the more precise the data 1
1 2 2
Large sample size xi x
n
1
Small sample size (n<30) 1 2
x i x
2
Slightly larger value s
n 1
The Population
Population: The collection of all items
(measurements) of the group. Represented by a large
number of measurements.
Gaussian distribution*
3 - 2 - x 2 3
s s
x ta / 2,n X x ta / 2,n
n n
Example: t-distribution 2
3
5.73
6.77
4 5.26
Sample data 5 4.33
6 5.45
n = 21 7 6.09
a/2 = 0.025
13 5.86
14 5.70
15 4.91
16 6.02
Student t-dist chart 17 6.25
t=2.086
18 4.99
19 5.61
20 5.81
21 5.60
Me an 5.60
Standard de v. 0.51
Variance 0.26
Estimate of Precision Error is Then:
Precision error is
±0.23 Volts
s
x ta
2 ,n n
0.51
5.60 2.086
21
5.60 0.23
How to combine bias and precision error?
Rules for combining independent uncertainties
for measurements:
Both uncertainties MUST be at the same
Confidence Interval (95%)
Ux B P 2
x x
2
Bias
error determined from calibration,
manufacturers’ specifications, smallest division.
Propagation of Error
Usedto determine uncertainty of a
quantity that requires measurement of
several independent variables.
Volume of a cylinder = f(D,L)
Volume of a block = f(L,W,H)
Density of an ideal gas = f(P,T)
f 2 f
2
f
2
R=Constant
Apply RSS formula to density relationship:
2 2 2 2
ρ ρ 1 P
Δ p Δ T Δ P
Δ ρ RSS
p T R T
R T
2
Δ T
2
D Dp DT
2
p T