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VEGETABLE OILS

triglyceride extracted from seeds of


plants.

any of a large group of oils that are esters


of fatty acids and glycerol, obtained from
the leaves, fruit, or seeds of plants.

the production of vegetable oil involves


extraction of oil from plant components,
mainly seeds. The extraction can be done
mechanically by using an oil mill or through
chemical extraction with the uses of a
solvent.
1826
The industrialization of oils
15th century and fats began with the
The utilization of marine oils erection of a cottonseed
began with the whaling mill in South Carolina.
1893-1900
industry, which was started Deodorization and
by the Basques in the bay of hydrogenation has been
Biscay. discovered and upgraded.

1885
Ancient time
The beginning of the
Animal fats were first
oleomargarine (margarine)
consumed as food, but it was 1850 industry in Chicago
not long before they were
The use of caustic soda to
burned for light and heat.
remove free acids from oil
was introduced from
France.
INDUSTRIAL USES OF OILS
COTTONSEED OIL
Cottonseed oil is used by edible-food
processors for shortening, margarine,
and salad for cooking. Cottonseed oil
are utilized as a cellulose source of
high purity rayon, plastics, lacquer,
and explosives.

CORN OIL
COCONUT OIL It is use in cooking, key ingredient in
Coconut oil is used as a cooking oil some margarines, and also one source of
and in the preparation of oil and fat biodiesel. Other industrial uses for corn
blends for the food industry. oil include soap, paint, rustproofing for
metal surfaces, inks, textiles, and
insecticides. It is sometimes used as a
carrier for drug molecules in
pharmaceutical preparations.
SOYBEAN OIL
Almost all margarine and shortenings contain soybean oil. It is also
frequently used in mayonnaise, salad dressings, frozen foods, imitation
dairy, meat products and commercially baked goods.

LINSEED OIL
Linseed oil can be used as a drying oil vehicle in paints,
varnishes, lacquers, enamels, oilcloth, linoleum, oil clothing,
tarpaulins and tenting, patent leather, textiles, printing inks,
soap, shoe polish and other specialty items.

OLIVE OIL
A very useful culinary ingredient, widely used for frying, seasoning and
preserving food. Olive oil is also used industrially to make high-quality soaps
and gels.
CONSUMPTION OF VEGETABLE OILS FROM 2013-2018
METHODS OF OIL EXTRACTION
WET EXTRACTION GHANI
METHOD WET
EXTRACTION Also known as a “chekku” or
Involves the use of a relatively
METHOD “kol” is a mortar and pestle
large amount of water so that the
device which grinds oilseeds into
oilseed is suspended in the water GHANI
fine particles and extracts the oil
and the extracted oil floats on the
from it.
surface

MANUAL METHOD USING EXPELLERS


MANUAL Expeller pressing is the method
KNEADING METHOD
Water is added to groundnuts EXPELLERS of extracting oil with a
USING mechanical press rather than
paste and the mixture is stirred KNEADING
and kneaded by hand until the oil utilizing a chemical extraction
separates. process. An expeller press is a
screw type machine, which
presses oil seeds through a
caged barrel-like cavity.
Manual Method Using
Ghani Expeller
Kneading
SOLVENT EXTRACTION
Solvent extraction is the Solvent extraction make it
preferred method for the final possible to achieve oil yields
separation of oil from in excess of 95% with a
oleaginous materials solvent recovery of over
containing less that 30% oil by 95%.
weight.

Can be used in most Produces low oil residue.


common oilseeds. Solvent extraction is a chemical
oil extraction method to process
oil out from vegetables, oilseeds
and nuts by solvent.
SOLVENT EXTRACTION
METHOD
Wax
Definition
The word "wax" usually
refers to a variety of
organic substances that
are solid at ambient Melting point ranges
temperature but from 35-100 degree
become free-flowing celcius.
liquids at slightly
higher temperatures.
. A wax is a
simple lipid which is an
ester of a long-chain
Soluble in organic
fatty acid and long
solvents and in-soluble
chain monohydric or
in water.
.
polyhydric alcohol,
each containing 16-34
carbon atoms.
Classification:

Natural Synthetic
Waxes Waxes
Natural Waxes: Animal Wax
Animal waxes are
secreted as
protected coatings
Animal Wax by certain insects.

Vegetable Wax Mineral Wax


Vegetable waxes
are found as Mineral waxes
coatings on are paraffin
leaves, stems,
Mineral waxes which
flowers, and Vegetable Wax are obtained
seeds. from
Wax petroleum.
Examples of Animal Wax

Beeswax Lanolin Spermaceti


Purified form of wool From the head of a
It is made from the
grease or wool wax, used sperm whale or
honeycomb by solvent
either alone or with soft bottlenose whale. Used
extraction, expression or
paraffin or lard or other fat chiefly in ointments,
by boiling in water. Many
as a base for ointments, cosmetic creams, fine
church candles contain
emollients, skin foods, wax candles and textile
more than 50% of this
salves, superfatted soaps finishing.
wax.
and fur dressing.
Examples of Vegetable Wax:

Carnauba Candelilla Castor Wax


A wax derived from the Heavily used in the
Obtained from carnauba
leaves of the small cosmetic industry when a
palm which grows in
candelilla shrub native to waxy component is
Brazil. Used as a
northern Mexico and needed in a formulation.
polishing agent to deliver
Southwestern United Also acts as a thickening
a glossy finish in polishes
States. Used for creams and moisturizing agent
and waxes for cars,
and balm and skin and to make liquid soaps.
shoes, instruments, etc.
applications.
Examples of Mineral Wax

Paraffin Petroleum Jelly Ozocerite


Concentrated in certain
Used to protect and repair Used in beauty
lubricating-oil fractions as
the skin and can also be products as a binder,
the result of distillation and
used to protect minor cuts emulsion stabilizer,
is separated by chilling and
and burns, to soften skin and viscosity
filter pressing. Often used as
and to lock in moisture in increasing agent.
lubrication, electrical
insulation, and to make dry, cracked skin
candles and crayons
Synthetic Waxes
Synthetic waxes are produced primarily from ethylene. These materials are less variable than natural
products and less inclined to price fluctuation.

2 3
Polyethylene Polypropylene Tetrafluoroethylene
1 Wax Wax (PTFE)
Manufactured from Generally polymerized from A fluorocarbon polymer. The
ethylene which is propylene and then either fluorine component gives this
generally produced maleated or oxidized to give product additional release , slip
from natural gas chemical functionality so that
and rubs characteristics.
it is more easily emulsified.
Animal Fat
Types:

Lard Suet or
Tallow
Types…

Duck
Schmaltz
Fat
Types…

Blubber Cod liver


oil
Types…

Ghee
Why Animal Fat?
 Recent scientific studies show that the artificial
trans fats found in vegetable oils aren’t as healthy as
once thought. In fact, modern science proves that
the naturally-occurring saturated fats found in
animal fat are the healthier, more natural option.

 Animal fats are mostly saturated fat, which means they


stand up better to high heat and last longer than vegetable
fats. Reduced oxidation in animal fats means they are less
susceptible to the toxins and carcinogens generated by
using vegetable oil alone.

 Because animal fats are more stable, foods cooked in


them absorb less oil and less fat.

 Animal fats have a longer fry-life. Pound for pound, ounce for ounce, you’ll get more
use out of oils that are animal fat-based than vegetable oils.

 Using animal fats in non-food applications reduces the demand for petroleum-based
waxes, making it eco-friendly and another way to reduce our carbon footprint.
BIOFUELS

By Group 7 – MAY 07, 2018

Mamba, Rhea
Manaligod, Laica
Maquera Kricel-Mae
Maruquin, Elha
CONTENTS
What are Biofuels?
Biofuels vs Fossil Fuels
History of Biofuels
Classification of Biofuels
Biofuel’s Main Production Processes
1st Generation Biofuels
2nd Generation Biofuels
3rd Generation Biofuels
4th Generation Biofuels
WHAT ARE BIOFUELS?

Biofuels are fuels


derived from biomass.
Biomass (biological matter) is an
organic matter taken from or
produced by plants and animals. It
comprises mainly wood, agricultural
crops and products, aquatic plants,
forestry products, wastes and
residues, and animal wastes.
BIOFUELS
All types of solid, gaseous and liquid fuels that can be derived from biomass.

1 2 3

SOLID FUELS LIQUID FUELS GASEOUS FUELS


 Wood  Methanol  Methane gas
 Charcoal  Ethanol  Producer gas
 Bagasse  Plant oils
 Methyl esters
Biofuels vs Fossil Fuels

B F
Biofuels Fossil Fuels
Renewable and Sustainable Nonrenewable energy sources

Cheap High market price

Fossil fuels such as gasoline are Have high efficiency


added to biofuels to add to their
efficiency
Are carbon neutral, i.e. they Release greenhouse gases, such as
absorb whatever amount of the carbon dioxide and carbon
carbon dioxide they produce, and monoxide, in the atmosphere.
thus do not add to the
atmospheric concentration of
carbondisadvantages
Note: The advantages, dioxide and benefits of biofuels, however, depend on the categorization of the specific
biofuel, type of feedstock used and technology applied to produce it.
Biofuels

Figure 1: Substitutability of various biofuels for common


petroleum-derived fuels.
Biofuels

Figure 2: Greenhouse gas emission of various fuels


Biofuels

Figure 3: Energy usage in the road transport sector 2015, preliminary


statistics.
Classifications of Biofuels

Figure 4: General Classification of Biofuels


Classification of
Biofuel 01 03

02

LIQUI SOLID
D FUELS
FUELS GASEO
US
FUELS
LIQUID BIOFUELS

BIODIESEL

Biodiesel is used as a
petroleum diesel
replacement

01
02

BIOETHANOL

Bioethanol is used as
a gasoline
replacement
Liquid Biofuels

Figure 5: Sources of main liquid biofuels for automobiles


Liquid Biofuels

Figure 6: Distribution of ethanol and biodiesel production by country/region in


2011
LIQUID FUELS

BIO-ALCOHOLS
The alcohols such as bioethanol,
propanol and butanol are produced by
microbial fermentation of sugars or
starches, derived from feedstocks of
wheat, corn, sugar beet, sugarcane,
molasses, potato, etc. In the first step
complex sugars are hydrolysed and
glucose released undergo second
fermentation step carried out by yeasts
such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae
producing ethanol and carbon dioxide.
Further diluted ethanol undergo
distillation to obtain highly concentrated
ethanol in the final step
BIO-ALCOHOLS
1 2 3

BIOETHANOL PROPANOL BUTANOL

Ethanol is the most widely Propanol contains 3 C-C bond Butanol (C4H9OH) formed by
used biofuel with 13 billion that require higher energy to ABE fermentation (acetone,
gallons produced and break. As a consequence, the butanol, and ethanol) is a
consumed in 2010 all temperature and reaction time better biofuel as it will
primarily from corn. of the process will increase. produce more energy and
allegedly can be burned
"straight" in existing gasoline
engines without modification
to the engine or car and is less
corrosive and less water
LIQUID FUELS

BIODIESEL
Biodiesel is produced mainly by
transesterification of fatty acids of lipids
(vegetable oils or aimal fat) with alchol to
form a mix of fatty acid alkyl esters (FAAE).
The characteristics of the biodiesel concerned
from ethanol or methanol are very similar,
but methanol is the preferred alcohol despite
its toxicity and fossil fuel origin because of its
low cost and wide availability.

Biodiesel can be used in any diesel engine


either in pure form or mixed with mineral
diesel (eg.B20 means blending of 20 percent
biodiesel to diesel).
Fuel Feedstock Conversion Description Benefits Issues/Challenges Status
Type Technology
Green Vegetable oil Hydroprocessin Biomass oils conversion to Low sulfur diesel. Feedstock Early stage of
Diesel Animal fat g diesel and other Capital and availability. commercialization
Grease hydrocarbons via operating costs in Brazil by
hydrotreating methods as in could be Petrobras; NESTE
petroleum refinery substantially lower in Finland is
than those for constructing a plant
transesterification.
Fischer Lignocellulos Gasification and Gasification to produce FT diesel can Gasification requires Demonstrational
Tropsh ic biomass FT synthesis syngas, which is then substitute directly dried biomass. High facilities underway
(FT) cleaned and purified. The conventional diesel level of syngas in Germany,
Diesel clean syngas then undergoes with lower clean-up required. Austria, Finland.
a catalytic process to emissions. Catalysts sensitive to
synthesize hydrocarbons and Feedstock poisoning and
their oxygen derivatives by flexibility. sintering. Requires
the controlled reaction of improved yields.
hydrogen and carbon
monoxide. The product is
separated and upgraded.
Bio- Lignocellulos Gasification and Bio-DME is produced from Bio-DME can be Bio-DME can't be Pilot plants under
DME ic biomass DME-synthesis syngas by means of used as a fuel in blended with fossil development in
(Dimeth oxygenate synthesis. diesel engines; the diesel and it has a Sweden; R&D in
yl Ether) process is highly low energy content China
efficient and (half that of diesel).
permits a large Can affect certain
scale production. It plastics and rubbers.
doesn't corrode
Straight Vegetable Mechanical Filtering out particles and Viable fuel for Not suitable for use Commercial (The
vegetabl oil pressing or removing water tropical regions in regular diesel Philippines, Papua
e oil Animal fat solvent where saturated engines (except New Guinea, EU)
(SVO) Grease extraction oils are available. coconut oil and
Coconut oil can be other saturated
blended directly oils).
with diesel and
used in
unmodified
engines in tropical
regions
Biodiese Algae Transesterificati Lipids are derived from High yield per High cost R&D programs in
l Green on or catalytic microalgae and biodiesel is acre; could be the US, Japan, New
Diesel hydroprocessing produced using used for CO2 Zealand, South
conventional capture and reuse. Africa, and
transesterification Western Europe
technology. Alternatively,
the oils can be used to
produce “green” diesel via
catalytic hydroprocessing .
GASEOUS FUELS
BIOGAS
Biogas consists of methane and carbon dioxide
produced by process of anaerobic digestion of
organic material by anaerobic microorganisms.
This is used as an energy source and the solid
by-product, digestate, is used as an organic
fertilizer. The biogas can be produced from any
waste with organic fraction in comparison to
ethanol ad biodiesel production from crops. The
net energy yield per hectare per year is also
comparatively higher. The biogas could be even
produced from the by-products and waste Methane Gas
released from the current bioethanol and
biodiesel industries
GASEOUS FUELS
SYNGAS
Syngas is a mixture of carbon
monoxide, hydrogen and other
hydrocarbons produced by partial
combustion of biomass, that is, the
burning with a volume of oxygen
that is not sufficient to transform the
biomass waste completely to carbon
dioxide and water.

Syngas may be burned directly in


internal combustion engines, turbines
or high-temperature fuel cells.
Syngas can be utilized to produce
methanol, DME, and hydrogen, or
converted via the Fischer-Tropsch
process to produce a diesel substitute
or a mixture of alcohols that can be
GASEOUS FUELS
BIOHYDROGEN
H2 can be used either as the fuel for
direct combustion in an internal
combustion engine or as the fuel for a
fuel cell.

Carbohydrate rich, nitrogen deficient


solid wastes such as cellulose and
starch containing agricultural and
food industry wastes and some food
industry wastewaters such as cheese
whey, olive mill and bakers yeast
industry wastewaters can be used for
hydrogen production by using
suitable bio-process technologies.
SOLID FUELS

DENSIFIED FUELS BIOCHAR

When the raw Biochar is one of the


material is already in product of pyrolysis
a suitable form (i.e. and is often used to
firewood), it can burn pre-dry biomass
instantly in a stove or feedstock or sold as
furnace to produce charcoal briquettes. Its
heat or steam. The high stability against
other kinds of decay and ability to
densification are retain more plant
bigger in size nutrients as compared
compared to wood to other forms of
pellet and are organic matter made
compatible with a the biochar as a good
wide variety of input soil amendment.
feedstocks.
SOLID FUELS

Figure 7: Graphical representation of biochar production process.


.
BIOFUEL’S MAIN PRODUCTION
PROCESSES

Chemical Biochemica
Conversion Process
Thermochemic
al Conversion
l
Conversion
Process
3
Process

1 2
 TRANSESTERIFICATION  GASIFICATION  ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
 PYROLYSIS  FERMENTATION
 LIQUEFACTION
CHEMICAL CONVERSION PROCESS
TRANSESTERIFICATION
Transesterification is a well-known chemical
reaction between an ester and an alcohol to
produce a new ester and a new alcohol. Thus,
during the reaction, there is an exchange of the
organic groups R’ of an ester with the group R’’ of
an alcohol. These reactions are often catalyzed by
an acid or base catalyst.

In the alkali process, sodium hydroxide (NaOH)


or potassium hydroxide (KOH) is used as a
catalyst along with methanol or ethanol. Initially,
during the process, alcoxy is formed by reaction of
the catalyst with alcohol and the alcoxy is then
reacted with any vegetable oil to form biodiesel
and glycerol. The alcoxy reaction is as follows:
R-CH2OH + NaOH → H2O + R-CH2ONa
THERMOCHEMICAL CONVERSION
PROCESS

In thermo-chemical conversion, heat and chemicals are


used to break biomass into syngas (a mixture of carbon
monoxide and hydrogen) and reassemble it into products
such as ethanol.
Table 1: Operational Conditions of Thermochemical Process
GASIFICATION

Gasification converts fossil or non-fossil fuels into useful


gases and chemicals. Biomass gasification is the
conversion of a carbon-rich lignocellulosic material
under oxygen-reduced conditions and high
temperatures. The output gas that results is referred to
as producer gas, consisting of carbon monoxide (CO),
hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4), nitrogen (N2), carbon
dioxide (CO2), and small amounts of higher
hydrocarbons and inorganic contaminants.
4 Main Steps of
Gasification
Heating and Drying 01

Pyrolysis 02

Solid-Gas Reactions 03

Gas Phase Reaction 04


4 Main Steps of Gasification

Heating and Drying


Heating and drying are endothermic processes that require the
aid of a gasification agent. Although it is possible to gasify wet
feedstocks such as manure and greenwood, some amount of
drying of the biomass before gasification is highly desirable.

Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis produces the intermediate gases (mainly CO, CO2, H2,
and light hydrocarbons) and condensable vapor (including
water, methanol, acetic acid, acetone, and heavy hydrocarbons).
4 Main Steps of Gasification

Solid-Gas Reactions
These reactions (exothermic and endothermic) convert solid carbon into gaseous CO, H2,
and CH4.

Gas Phase Reaction


Includes water-gas shift reaction and methanation
PYROLYSIS

Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of organic


compounds in the absence of an oxidizing agent,
involving a series of reactions to produce smaller and
simpler molecules of liquid (bio-oil), solid (char) and
gas, thus inhibiting complete combustion. Liquid phase
products result from temperatures ,which are too small
to crack all the long chain carbon molecules, resulting in
oils, methanol, acetone, and tars, etc. Once all the
volatile component has been driven off, the residual
biomass is in the form of char which is virtually pure
carbon.
PYROLYSIS

Table 2: Typical Operation Conditions of Pyrolysis Process


LIQUEFACTIO
N

 Direct liquefaction consists of the direct conversion of biomass into a


liquid fuel, omitting the gaseous phase.

Hydrothermal liquefaction involves the reaction of biomass in water at


elevated temperatures (300oC – 400oC) and pressure (5-20 MPa), usually
without the presence of a catalyst.

The other liquefaction process dissolves biomass in organic solvents


(solvolysis) with or without a catalyst at moderate temperatures (100oC –
250oC) and atmospheric pressure.

During chemical liquefaction, biomass components mixed with solvents


and a small amount of a catalyst are broken into smaller molecular
fragments that can re-polymerize into oily compounds with various ranges
of molecular weights.
BIOCHEMICAL CONVERSION PROCESS

Anaerobic digestion involves the


1 breakdown of biodegradable materials by
Anaerobic Digestion microorganisms in the absence of oxygen.

Microbial fermentation is an efficient and


extensively used method for biofuels
2 production. It includes bioethanol,
Fermentation biobutanol, biohydrogen, etc.
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
METHANOGENESIS
The methane-forming bacteria
convert acetates to methane, carbon
dioxide, and alkaline water.
Additionally, H2 and CO2 formed in ACETOGENESIS
the previous steps are converted to
CH4. About 30% of the total methane Acetogenesis where acid bacteria form
is produced by this route acetate, CO2 and H2.

ACIDOGENESIS
Acid-forming bacteria promote the
decomposition of the previous products
into organic acids, carbon dioxide,
hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and ammonia HYDROLYSIS
(NH3). Hydrolysis by anaerobic
microorganisms use enzymes to break
down high molecular organic
substances such as proteins,
carbohydrates, and fats into low
molecular compounds like amino
acids, sugars, and fatty acids,
respectively, with production of
hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
.
FERMENTATIO
N

Ethanol, butanol, and methanol are produced


principally from energy crops such as sugarcane,
maize, beets, yam, or sweet sorghum. A variety of
microorganisms ferment sugars into ethanol i.e.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia stipitis, Candida
shehatae and Pachysolan tannophilus, etc. The
ethanol recovery is done by distillation and
concentrated in a rectifying column to a 95%.
Anhydrous ethanol (99.0 %), can be mixed with
gasoline and used as fuel.
FIRST GENERATION BIOFUELS
The first generation biofuels refer to the fuels that have been derived from sources like starch,
sugar, animal fats and vegetable oil.

BIODIESEL BIOALCOHOLS

This type of biofuel is These are alcohols


mainly produced using a produced by the use of
process called enzymes and
transesterification. This microorganisms through
fuel if very similar to the the process of
mineral diesel and is fermentation of starches
chemically known as and sugar.
fatty acid methyl esters.
A benefit of ethanol is that it burns cleaner than
gasoline and therefore produces less greenhouse gases.
A Ethanol can replace 10% of the worlds’ cleaning more
D rainforests and by doing less harm to the environment
than the current agriculture.
V
It takes a very long time for fossil fuels to be
A produced, but biofuels are much more easily
N renewable.
T
Whereas oil is a limited resource that
A comes from specific materials, biofuels can
G be manufactured from a wide range of
materials including crops.
E
S Biofuels can be produced locally, which decreases the
nation’s dependence upon foreign energy.
DISADVATAGES OF FIRST GENERATION BIOFUELS

Contributes to The rise in demand for


higher food biofuels has lead to an
prices due increase in the volumes
01 02
competition to of crops being diverted
with food crops away .from the global
food market

First generation They also only provide a


biofuels are also a small benefit over fossil
more expensive option fuels in regards to
than gasoline, making 03 greenhouse gases since 04
it economically they still require high
unfavorable. amounts of energy to
grow, collect, and process.
PRODUCTION OF FIRST
GENERATION BIOFUELS
TRANSESTERIFICATION
Transesterification is the reaction of a lipid with an alcohol to form esters and a
byproduct, glycerol. Transesterification consists of a sequence of three consecutive
reversible reactions.
FERMENTATION
Bioalcohol can be produced directly from the free sugar containing juices of some crops,
converting sucrose or monosaccharides, especially, glucose, into alcohol via fermentation with
microorganisms
Second Generation
Biofuel
Definition
What separates them from first
The 2nd generation biofuels can generation biofuels is the fact that
describe ethanol produced from feedstock used in producing second
lignocellulosic feedstock via generation biofuels are generally
either a biochemical production not food crops. The only time the
process or thermochemical food crops can act as second
production process. generation biofuels is if they have
.
already fulfilled their food purpose.

While there is no official definition,


Also known as advanced they are generally accepted to be
biofuels. any biofuels other than, ethanol
. produced from starch or sugar
feedstock, and biodiesel produced
by the trans esterification of
vegetables oils and animal fats.
Commonly Used Feedstock:
Grass
Straw

Jatropha Municipal
and other Waste
vegetable solid waste
seed crops
oil
Advantages of Second
Generation Biofuel

Wider range
Improved Low Greater
of feedstock
environmental production production
than the first
performance cost volumes
generation.
Second Generation Biomass Production
Gasification
Through gasification, carbon-based materials are converted to carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and carbon
dioxide. This process is different from combustion in that oxygen is limited. The gas that result is referred
to as synthesis gas or syngas. Syngas is then used to produce energy or heat. Wood, black liquor, brown
liquor, and other feedstock are used in this process.

Pyrolisis
Pyrolysis is carried out in the absence of oxygen and often in the presence of an inert gas like halogen. The
fuel is generally converted into two products: tars and char. Wood and a number of other energy crops
can be used as feedstock to produce bio-oil through pyrolysis.

Pretreatment-Enzyme hydrolysis-Fermentation
Third Generation Biofuels

Third Generation Biofuels


-are made from nonfood feedstock
-they are biofuel from algae known
Algae Fuel or Oilgae.
- 30-100 times more energy
productive and effective
Why algae?

Algae Grow Fast


01 Algae have the potential to produce a
volume of biomass and biofuel many times
greater than that of our most productive
Algae
crops.
Algae are eukaryotic plants and
they are oxygenic phototrophs- 02
they use light as their energy Algae can have high biofuel yields
source for growth and produce
oxygen as a byproduct, like Algae can produce from 2,000 to as
plants. many as 5,000 gallons of biofuels per
acre per year.
03

Microalgal biomass can be used


for fuel, feed & food
Microalgae can be cultivated to have high
protein and oil content.
Third Generation Biofuels

Advantages
-No competition with food crops.
Disadvantages
-The algal oil is hard and expensive to extract.
-They are relatively easy to grow.
-Algae are low-input, high-yield feedstocks to
produce biofuels. Example: Botryococcus braunii and Chlorella
-Algae can be continuously harvested and could be vulgaris
used coupled to an industrial facility emitting CO2.
Processing biofuel from algae can capture large
amount of CO2.
PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL
CO2

1 2
Water
Algae Growth and Harvesting
Air Monitoring

Nutrients 3
Water Dewatering
LIGHT

Dry algae

5 4
Algae oil Oil
Biodiesel Transesterification
Extraction

Glycerol

Oil Press
Cultivation Systems
1 2

Open pond systems Photobioreactors


-The oldest and simplest way to cultivate -It is a closed equipment which provides
microalgae. a controlled environment and enables
Ex. Raceway-ponds in which the algae high productivity of algae.
are usually cultivated.
Types of Photobioreactors

TUBULAR FLAT PHOTOBIOREACTORS COLUMN


PHOTOBIOREACTORS Photobioreactors that are suitable for PHOTOBIOREACTORS
These systems are relatively cheap, mass cultures of microalgae due to the Photobioreactors that offer the most
have a large illumination surface area low accumulation of dissolved oxygen efficient mixing, the highest
and have fairly good biomass and the high photosynthetic efficiency volumetric gas transfer rates, and the
productivities. achieved when compared to tubular best controllable growth conditions.
designs.
PBRs: How it works?
Open pond system

Advantages
• Open ponds are simple: low
production costs and low operating
costs.
• Algae harvested from open pond
system are high in oil content.

Disadvantages
• The environment in and around the
pond is not under control.
• Uneven light intensity and
distribution within the pond.
Photobioreactors

Advantages
• Better protection from outside contamination.
• Space saving - Can be mounted vertically,
horizontally or at an angle, indoors or
outdoors.
• Better control in gas transfer.

Disadvantages
• Capital cost is very high. This is one of the
most important bottlenecks that is hindering
the progress of algae fuel industry.
• Production cost in some enclosed
photobioreactor systems are not much better
than those achievable in open-pond cultures.
01 Bulk harvesting:
Flocculation
-can be used as an initial dewatering step in the bulk
harvesting process that will significantly enhance the
ease of further processing.
Flotation
-uses air to bring the algae population to the surface
of the liquid medium.
Harvesting 02 Thickening:
Methods Centrifugation
-involves the application of centrifugal forces to
separate microalgal biomass from growth medium.
Filtration
-is the method of harvesting that has proved to be the
most competitive compared to other harvesting
options.
Drying Methods

Sun Drying
-Sun drying is probably the cheapest drying
method that has been employed for the Spray Drying
processing of microalgal biomass. - A process of converting a mixture in
. its liquid form to a powder.
Drum Drying
-One of the most energy efficient drying methods.
-Slurry is applied as a thin layer onto the outer Freeze Drying
surface of revolving drums that are internally heated - The removal of ice or other frozen solvents from a
by steam. material through the process of sublimation and the
removal of bound water molecules through the
process desorption
Methods of Extraction

1 2
EXPELLER PRESSING SOLVENT EXTRACTION
-is a mechanical method for extracting - In this method, solvent destroy algal cell wall, and
oil from raw materials. The raw extract oil from aqueous medium because of their
materials are squeezed under high higher solubility in organic solvents than water.
pressure in a single step.
Biodiesel Production

Transesterification reaction consists of transforming triglycerides into fatty acid


alkyl esters, in the presence of an alcohol, such as methanol or ethanol, and a
catalyst, such as an alkali or acid, with glycerol as a byproduct.
4th Generation
Biofuels
From 2006 onwards

ADVANCED BIOFUELS
Created using petroleum-like
hydroprocessing, advanced bio-
chemistry, or revolutionary processes
like Joule’s "solar-to-fuel" method that
defies any other category of biofuels.
Fourth
Generation
Biofuels
Fourth-generation technology
combines genetically
optimized feedstocks, which
are designed to capture large
amounts of carbon, with
genomically synthesized
microbes, which are made to
efficiently make fuels. Key to
the process is the capture and
sequestration of CO2, a
process that renders fourth-
generation biofuels a carbon
negative source of fuel.
EMBRYOGENIC CELL CULTURE
Sweetwater Energy is working with Naturally Scientific of Nottingham, England to develop an
engineered biological process that can create oil for biodiesel, directly from carbon dioxide, not using
algae, as others are trying, but rather through the use of an embryogenic cell culture.

“The flexibility of this process is that you can


convert sugars into oil. This is totally
different from the conventional seed
processing where you have to grow the seed,
cultivate, harvest, dry, crush, extract and
refine. The beauty of this process is that it
eliminates many of these steps, just as plants
will do in the field, but we are doing it in a
contained tank.”

-Dr. Sarad Parekh, Sweetwater’s


CTO
JOULE UNLIMITED’S
Last year they commissioned an
Instead of burning a fuel with
oxygen and producing energy
“REVERSE COMBUSTION” end-to-end integrated plant in New
plus CO2, they take CO2, add Mexico, co-located next to industrial
energy, which they get from carbon dioxide emitters which
solar panels, and use it to A process that can connect to a CO2 exhaust provide the “fuel.” One acre of
produce either ethanol or bacteria, using Joule’s process, can
stream, and using only engineered bacteria, non- make as much as 25,000 gallons of
diesel. They do it using
photosynthetic micro- potable water, and energy provided by solar panels ethanol. That’s ten times as much as
organisms called to produce liquid hydrocarbon fuels. can be made from forest residue and
cyanobacteria, some of the fifty times that which can be grown
oldest living organisms on the from corn.
COMBINATION OF JOULE AND
RED ROCK BIOFUELS
Joint Process
 Cellulosic producer Red Rock Biofuels recently
announced a merger with Joule.
Combining Joule with Red Rock will provide
some powerful synergies.

The waste CO2 from the Red Rock process can be


input to the Joule process, while the depleted
bacteria from Joule can be used as biomass for Red
Rock.
It’s too early to calculate the overall efficiency of
this system, but, says Jensen, the results will be
accretive.
It’s not unlike adding cellulosic capabilities to a
corn ethanol plant, or a combined heat and
power system, where additional output is
derived from the same level of input.
Says Joule CEO Serge Tchuruk,”I don’t think
anybody can claim to be carbon-neutral, but I
think we are close.” The company plans to
build a 1,000 acre facility in 2017.

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