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1885
Ancient time
The beginning of the
Animal fats were first
oleomargarine (margarine)
consumed as food, but it was 1850 industry in Chicago
not long before they were
The use of caustic soda to
burned for light and heat.
remove free acids from oil
was introduced from
France.
INDUSTRIAL USES OF OILS
COTTONSEED OIL
Cottonseed oil is used by edible-food
processors for shortening, margarine,
and salad for cooking. Cottonseed oil
are utilized as a cellulose source of
high purity rayon, plastics, lacquer,
and explosives.
CORN OIL
COCONUT OIL It is use in cooking, key ingredient in
Coconut oil is used as a cooking oil some margarines, and also one source of
and in the preparation of oil and fat biodiesel. Other industrial uses for corn
blends for the food industry. oil include soap, paint, rustproofing for
metal surfaces, inks, textiles, and
insecticides. It is sometimes used as a
carrier for drug molecules in
pharmaceutical preparations.
SOYBEAN OIL
Almost all margarine and shortenings contain soybean oil. It is also
frequently used in mayonnaise, salad dressings, frozen foods, imitation
dairy, meat products and commercially baked goods.
LINSEED OIL
Linseed oil can be used as a drying oil vehicle in paints,
varnishes, lacquers, enamels, oilcloth, linoleum, oil clothing,
tarpaulins and tenting, patent leather, textiles, printing inks,
soap, shoe polish and other specialty items.
OLIVE OIL
A very useful culinary ingredient, widely used for frying, seasoning and
preserving food. Olive oil is also used industrially to make high-quality soaps
and gels.
CONSUMPTION OF VEGETABLE OILS FROM 2013-2018
METHODS OF OIL EXTRACTION
WET EXTRACTION GHANI
METHOD WET
EXTRACTION Also known as a “chekku” or
Involves the use of a relatively
METHOD “kol” is a mortar and pestle
large amount of water so that the
device which grinds oilseeds into
oilseed is suspended in the water GHANI
fine particles and extracts the oil
and the extracted oil floats on the
from it.
surface
Natural Synthetic
Waxes Waxes
Natural Waxes: Animal Wax
Animal waxes are
secreted as
protected coatings
Animal Wax by certain insects.
2 3
Polyethylene Polypropylene Tetrafluoroethylene
1 Wax Wax (PTFE)
Manufactured from Generally polymerized from A fluorocarbon polymer. The
ethylene which is propylene and then either fluorine component gives this
generally produced maleated or oxidized to give product additional release , slip
from natural gas chemical functionality so that
and rubs characteristics.
it is more easily emulsified.
Animal Fat
Types:
Lard Suet or
Tallow
Types…
Duck
Schmaltz
Fat
Types…
Ghee
Why Animal Fat?
Recent scientific studies show that the artificial
trans fats found in vegetable oils aren’t as healthy as
once thought. In fact, modern science proves that
the naturally-occurring saturated fats found in
animal fat are the healthier, more natural option.
Animal fats have a longer fry-life. Pound for pound, ounce for ounce, you’ll get more
use out of oils that are animal fat-based than vegetable oils.
Using animal fats in non-food applications reduces the demand for petroleum-based
waxes, making it eco-friendly and another way to reduce our carbon footprint.
BIOFUELS
Mamba, Rhea
Manaligod, Laica
Maquera Kricel-Mae
Maruquin, Elha
CONTENTS
What are Biofuels?
Biofuels vs Fossil Fuels
History of Biofuels
Classification of Biofuels
Biofuel’s Main Production Processes
1st Generation Biofuels
2nd Generation Biofuels
3rd Generation Biofuels
4th Generation Biofuels
WHAT ARE BIOFUELS?
1 2 3
B F
Biofuels Fossil Fuels
Renewable and Sustainable Nonrenewable energy sources
02
LIQUI SOLID
D FUELS
FUELS GASEO
US
FUELS
LIQUID BIOFUELS
BIODIESEL
Biodiesel is used as a
petroleum diesel
replacement
01
02
BIOETHANOL
Bioethanol is used as
a gasoline
replacement
Liquid Biofuels
BIO-ALCOHOLS
The alcohols such as bioethanol,
propanol and butanol are produced by
microbial fermentation of sugars or
starches, derived from feedstocks of
wheat, corn, sugar beet, sugarcane,
molasses, potato, etc. In the first step
complex sugars are hydrolysed and
glucose released undergo second
fermentation step carried out by yeasts
such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae
producing ethanol and carbon dioxide.
Further diluted ethanol undergo
distillation to obtain highly concentrated
ethanol in the final step
BIO-ALCOHOLS
1 2 3
Ethanol is the most widely Propanol contains 3 C-C bond Butanol (C4H9OH) formed by
used biofuel with 13 billion that require higher energy to ABE fermentation (acetone,
gallons produced and break. As a consequence, the butanol, and ethanol) is a
consumed in 2010 all temperature and reaction time better biofuel as it will
primarily from corn. of the process will increase. produce more energy and
allegedly can be burned
"straight" in existing gasoline
engines without modification
to the engine or car and is less
corrosive and less water
LIQUID FUELS
BIODIESEL
Biodiesel is produced mainly by
transesterification of fatty acids of lipids
(vegetable oils or aimal fat) with alchol to
form a mix of fatty acid alkyl esters (FAAE).
The characteristics of the biodiesel concerned
from ethanol or methanol are very similar,
but methanol is the preferred alcohol despite
its toxicity and fossil fuel origin because of its
low cost and wide availability.
Chemical Biochemica
Conversion Process
Thermochemic
al Conversion
l
Conversion
Process
3
Process
1 2
TRANSESTERIFICATION GASIFICATION ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
PYROLYSIS FERMENTATION
LIQUEFACTION
CHEMICAL CONVERSION PROCESS
TRANSESTERIFICATION
Transesterification is a well-known chemical
reaction between an ester and an alcohol to
produce a new ester and a new alcohol. Thus,
during the reaction, there is an exchange of the
organic groups R’ of an ester with the group R’’ of
an alcohol. These reactions are often catalyzed by
an acid or base catalyst.
Pyrolysis 02
Solid-Gas Reactions 03
Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis produces the intermediate gases (mainly CO, CO2, H2,
and light hydrocarbons) and condensable vapor (including
water, methanol, acetic acid, acetone, and heavy hydrocarbons).
4 Main Steps of Gasification
Solid-Gas Reactions
These reactions (exothermic and endothermic) convert solid carbon into gaseous CO, H2,
and CH4.
ACIDOGENESIS
Acid-forming bacteria promote the
decomposition of the previous products
into organic acids, carbon dioxide,
hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and ammonia HYDROLYSIS
(NH3). Hydrolysis by anaerobic
microorganisms use enzymes to break
down high molecular organic
substances such as proteins,
carbohydrates, and fats into low
molecular compounds like amino
acids, sugars, and fatty acids,
respectively, with production of
hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
.
FERMENTATIO
N
BIODIESEL BIOALCOHOLS
Jatropha Municipal
and other Waste
vegetable solid waste
seed crops
oil
Advantages of Second
Generation Biofuel
Wider range
Improved Low Greater
of feedstock
environmental production production
than the first
performance cost volumes
generation.
Second Generation Biomass Production
Gasification
Through gasification, carbon-based materials are converted to carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and carbon
dioxide. This process is different from combustion in that oxygen is limited. The gas that result is referred
to as synthesis gas or syngas. Syngas is then used to produce energy or heat. Wood, black liquor, brown
liquor, and other feedstock are used in this process.
Pyrolisis
Pyrolysis is carried out in the absence of oxygen and often in the presence of an inert gas like halogen. The
fuel is generally converted into two products: tars and char. Wood and a number of other energy crops
can be used as feedstock to produce bio-oil through pyrolysis.
Pretreatment-Enzyme hydrolysis-Fermentation
Third Generation Biofuels
Advantages
-No competition with food crops.
Disadvantages
-The algal oil is hard and expensive to extract.
-They are relatively easy to grow.
-Algae are low-input, high-yield feedstocks to
produce biofuels. Example: Botryococcus braunii and Chlorella
-Algae can be continuously harvested and could be vulgaris
used coupled to an industrial facility emitting CO2.
Processing biofuel from algae can capture large
amount of CO2.
PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL
CO2
1 2
Water
Algae Growth and Harvesting
Air Monitoring
Nutrients 3
Water Dewatering
LIGHT
Dry algae
5 4
Algae oil Oil
Biodiesel Transesterification
Extraction
Glycerol
Oil Press
Cultivation Systems
1 2
Advantages
• Open ponds are simple: low
production costs and low operating
costs.
• Algae harvested from open pond
system are high in oil content.
Disadvantages
• The environment in and around the
pond is not under control.
• Uneven light intensity and
distribution within the pond.
Photobioreactors
Advantages
• Better protection from outside contamination.
• Space saving - Can be mounted vertically,
horizontally or at an angle, indoors or
outdoors.
• Better control in gas transfer.
Disadvantages
• Capital cost is very high. This is one of the
most important bottlenecks that is hindering
the progress of algae fuel industry.
• Production cost in some enclosed
photobioreactor systems are not much better
than those achievable in open-pond cultures.
01 Bulk harvesting:
Flocculation
-can be used as an initial dewatering step in the bulk
harvesting process that will significantly enhance the
ease of further processing.
Flotation
-uses air to bring the algae population to the surface
of the liquid medium.
Harvesting 02 Thickening:
Methods Centrifugation
-involves the application of centrifugal forces to
separate microalgal biomass from growth medium.
Filtration
-is the method of harvesting that has proved to be the
most competitive compared to other harvesting
options.
Drying Methods
Sun Drying
-Sun drying is probably the cheapest drying
method that has been employed for the Spray Drying
processing of microalgal biomass. - A process of converting a mixture in
. its liquid form to a powder.
Drum Drying
-One of the most energy efficient drying methods.
-Slurry is applied as a thin layer onto the outer Freeze Drying
surface of revolving drums that are internally heated - The removal of ice or other frozen solvents from a
by steam. material through the process of sublimation and the
removal of bound water molecules through the
process desorption
Methods of Extraction
1 2
EXPELLER PRESSING SOLVENT EXTRACTION
-is a mechanical method for extracting - In this method, solvent destroy algal cell wall, and
oil from raw materials. The raw extract oil from aqueous medium because of their
materials are squeezed under high higher solubility in organic solvents than water.
pressure in a single step.
Biodiesel Production
ADVANCED BIOFUELS
Created using petroleum-like
hydroprocessing, advanced bio-
chemistry, or revolutionary processes
like Joule’s "solar-to-fuel" method that
defies any other category of biofuels.
Fourth
Generation
Biofuels
Fourth-generation technology
combines genetically
optimized feedstocks, which
are designed to capture large
amounts of carbon, with
genomically synthesized
microbes, which are made to
efficiently make fuels. Key to
the process is the capture and
sequestration of CO2, a
process that renders fourth-
generation biofuels a carbon
negative source of fuel.
EMBRYOGENIC CELL CULTURE
Sweetwater Energy is working with Naturally Scientific of Nottingham, England to develop an
engineered biological process that can create oil for biodiesel, directly from carbon dioxide, not using
algae, as others are trying, but rather through the use of an embryogenic cell culture.