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Richard T. Schaefer
SOCIOLOGY:
A Brief Introduction
Seventh Edition
•Social Control
•Deviance
•Crime
•Social Policy and Social Control: The Death
Penalty in the United States and Worldwide
A Look Ahead
█ When does conformity verge on deviance?
█ How does a society manage to control its
members and convince them to conform to
its rules and laws?
█ What are the consequences of deviance?
Social Control
█ Techniques and strategies are employed
for preventing deviant human behavior in
any society
Informal and
Formal Social Control
█ Informal social control: used casually to
enforce norms
█ Formal social control: carried out by
authorized agents
Source: Developed by author based on data from L. Greenhouse 2005 and Marijuana Policy Project 2004, 2006.
What is Deviance?
█ Deviance: behavior that violates the
standards of conduct or expectations of a
group or society
█ Involves violation of group norms, which
may or may not be formalized into law
█ Subject to social definition within a
What is Deviance?
█ Deviance and Social Stigma
– Stigma: labels society uses to devalue
members of certain social groups
█ Deviance and Technology
– Technological innovations can redefine
social interactions and standards of
behavior related to them
– In general, sociologists reject any emphasis
on the genetic roots of crime and deviance
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
7-11
Functionalist Perspective
█ Merton’s Theory of Deviance
– Anomie Theory of Deviance: how people
adapt in certain ways by conforming to or by
deviating from cultural expectations
• Conformist
• Innovator
• Ritualist
• Retreatist
• Rebel
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
7-12
Interactionist Perspective
█ Cultural Transmission Theory
– Cultural transmission: humans learn how
to behave in social situations, whether
properly or improperly
– Differential association: the process
through which exposure to attitudes
favorable to criminal acts leads to the
violation of rules (Sutherland)
Interactionist Perspective
█ Routine Activities Theory
– Criminal victimization increases when
motivated offenders and suitable targets
converge
█ Labeling Theory/Societal-Reaction
Approach
– Some individuals or groups have the power
to define and apply labels
Interactionist Perspective
█ Social Constructionist Perspective
– Deviance is the product of the culture we
live in
– Focus on decision-making process that
creates the deviant identity
Conflict Theory
█ People with power protect their own
interests and define deviance to suit
their own needs
– Differential justice: differences in the way
social control is exercised over different
groups
Feminist Perspective
█ Society tends to treat women in
stereotypical fashion
█ Cultural views and attitudes toward
women influence how they are perceived
and labeled
– As women take more active and powerful
roles in the household and in business,
gender differences in deviance and crime
have narrowed
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
7-18
Crime
█ Crime: violation of criminal law, for
which some governmental authority
applies formal penalties
█ Index crimes
– Murder – Burglary
– Rape – Theft
– Robbery – Motor vehicle theft
– Assault – Arson
Types of Crime
█ Laws divide crimes into categories:
– Severity of offense
– Age of offender
– Potential punishment
– Jurisdiction
Types of Crime
█ Victimless crimes: willing exchange
among adults of widely desired, but
illegal, goods and services
█ Professional Crime
– Professional criminal: person who
pursues crime as a day-to-day occupation
█ Organized Crime: group that regulates
relations between various criminal
enterprises involved in illegal activities
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
7-22
Types of Crime
█ White Collar and Technology-Based
Crime
– White collar crime: illegal acts committed
in the course of business activities
– Computer crime: use of high technology to
carry out embezzlement or electronic fraud
– Corporate crime: any act by a corporation
that is punishable by the government
Types of Crime
█ Transnational crime
– Crime that occurs across multiple national
borders
– International crime spans the globe
Source: Compiled by the author based on Mueller 2001 and United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 2005.
Figure 7-2:
Victimization Rates, 1973-2004