Type of

Rig :
1. Land Rig
2. Jack Up
3. Platform Rig
4. SemiSub
5. DrillShip
6. Submersible
 Introduction of Primary Cementing

 Process of placing cement between the casing and

borehole in a well

 The main objectives of primary cementing are to

seal the annulus and to obtain zonal isolation.
 The Basic Functions of Primary
Cementing
 Cement supports the casing
 Cement helps prevent blowouts by setting rapidly
 Cement protects the casing from the corrosive effects
 Cement protects casing from shock loads
 Cement seals off formation areas that might allow fluids to leak
off
 Cement protects the environment by controlling the flow of fluids
 Cement can be used to plug an old well or to plug a depleted
zone.
Primary Casing Cementing

 Zonal Isolation:
 Well Control
 Casing protection against:
 Corrosion
 Burst
 Collapse
 Drilling Shocks
 Strengthen Casing
 Primary Casing Cementing
 Causes of job failure:  Causes of cement slurry failure:

• Pumping or Mixing unit

 Contaminated materials:
failure
• Bulk System failure
• Mixing water, chemicals or
• Incorrect water pressure
• Human error cement
 Incorrect volume of mixing water
 Incorrect amount of chemicals
 Incorrect estimate of down-hole
temperature
 Objective of Primary Cementing
 Achieved, the economic, liability, safety, government, and other
requirements imposed during the life of the well will be met.

 Cementing must be preventing more costly problems during production

such as cement sheath cracking, water influx, or pressure buildup in the
annulus.

 Government regulations on primary cementing generally cover

protection of surface waters
Steps to Meet the Objectives

 Analyze the well parameters

 Calculate fluid (slurry) composition and perform
laboratory tests
 Use necessary hardware to implement the design
 Monitor the treatment in real time, compare it with the
design
 Evaluate the results, compare with them with the
design
Well condition presenting
problem

Well Definition Problems Design

condition Considerations
Deviated Well bore Casing lying Use a complete
wells angle > on the mathematical model
20o bottom .
Design methods
and materials
Solids to prevent solids
settling settling
and prevent free
water
Free water
in slurry at down
forming
hole
conditions
 Well condition presenting
problem
Well condition Definition Problems Design Considerations
High pressure and Temperatures in Solids settling Use a complete
high temperature excess of 300°F mathematical model .
Design methods and
Cement sheath materials to prevent
cracking cement sheath cracking
due to temperature and
pressure cycling, prevent
Micro annulus solids settling, and
forming remove drilling fluids at
down hole conditions

Drilling fluid
gelling

Fluids
channeling
 Well condition presenting
problem
Well condition Definition Problems Design Considerations
Deep wells Depth > 15,000 Formation Use a complete
ft damage caused mathematical model .
by excessive Design methods and
friction materials for 100%
pressures displacement with no
formation breakdown. Use
liner to reduce casing and
length; stage tools to
Need long casing
reduce friction pressures;
proper chemicals and
strict quality control to
ensure required pumping
time
Need long
pumping time
 Well condition presenting
problem
Well condition Definition Problems Design Considerations

Deep water Water depth in Low Use a complete

excess of 1000 temperature, mathematical model
ft low density (Case V). Design methods
and materials so that
cement will set under
these conditions and
prevent fluid influx
Well condition presenting
problem

Well Definition Problems Design

condition Considerations

Unconsolidated Loss of fluids Optimize density and

to weak to the flow rate of fluids and
formation formation use lost-circulation
material as needed
Well condition presenting
problem

Well Definition Problems Design

condition Considerations

Drilling with Differential Use flushes and pipe

high fluid loss sticking movement and
and/or in minimize fluid loss of
highly drilling fluid
permeable
formations
Effect of Down hole Conditions on Drilling
Fluid

 Drilling fluid type..

 Drilling fluid properties.
 Fluid loss to formation.
 Downhole pressure..
 Downhole temperature.
 Differential pressure into the formation.
 Shutdown period.
 Drilling history.
Cementing Material

Portland cement fusing with heat

 calcium carbonate (limestone) and
 aluminum silicates (clay).
 A small amount of iron may be added.
 The molten rock is cooled,
 a small amount of gypsum (calcium sulfate)
added,
 and the mixture ground into a powder.
 One of the biggest problems with Portland
cement is that it is not a pure chemical

 Therefore, the finished products can never be

totally consistent, and much work has gone into
improving the consistency of oilfield cement.
Oil Well Cement (5%)

 The specifications are regulated by

Committee 10 in the API committee for
standardization.
 The common types of API cements are
 API Class A,
 API Class C,
 API Class G, and
 API Class H.
 Casing and Tubing Uses

Casing Design involves three major :

 Determining the sizes and lengths of casing strings you will run
 Calculating the type and size of loading conditions
 Choosing the weights and grades of casing that will not fail when
exposed to these loads
Typical Casing String

 Conductor Casing
 Surface Casing
 Protective / Intermediate Casing
 Production Casing
 Liners
 Tie Back
Schematic of Casing String
 Conductor Casing
36 " hole
conductor
30 " casing pipe

surface
26 " hole
20 " casing casing

intermediate
17 1/2 " hole
13 3/8 " casing
casing

11 1/2 " hole production

7 5/8 " casing
casing
Conductor Casing

Purpose:
 Confines circulating fluids

 Prevents washing out under rig

 Provides elevation for flow nipple and bell nipple

 BOP are usually not attached to conductor casings.

Characteristics:
 (Set from 40 to 1500 feet)

 Casing is large; 16 inches to 30 inches diameter

 Hole may be eroded severely.

 Casing can be pumped out easily and must be tied down.

 Surface Casing

36 " hole
conductor
30 " casing pipe

surface
26 " hole
20 " casing casing

intermediate
17 1/2 " hole
13 3/8 " casing
casing

11 1/2 " hole production

7 5/8 " casing
casing
Surface Casing

Purpose:
 Protect water sands.
 Case unconsolidated formations.
 Provides primary pressure control. (BOP usually nipple up on
surface casing)
 Supports subsequent casings.
 Case off loss circulation zones.

Characteristics:
 (Set from 40 to 4500 feet)
 Casing may stick easily in unconsolidated formations.
 Loss of circulation may be a problem.
 Most areas require that cement be circulated.
 Guide shoe, or float shoe, and float collar commonly used.
Innerstring Cementing

Reason for Innerstring Cementing :

 Prevents channeling in large casing
 Availability of large plugs & cement heads
 Reduced drill out time
 Casing collapse
Stage Cementing

Why?
 Potential Casing Collapse due
to Hydrostatic Pressure of a full
column of Cement
 Cover Weak Zones on First
Stage to insure Cement Returns
to Surface
 Large Volumes of Cement
 Deep Holes that Require
Cement to Surface
 A long casing string can be
cemented in multiple stages if
the casing is extremely long or if
different formation conditions
warrant it.
Multiple Stage Tool Cementing
Innerstring Cementing without Sealing Sleeve

Innerstring Cementing
with Sealing Sleeve

- Optional latch-
down feature

- Top plug
- Minimizes inventory prevents over
displacement
- Flat face adapter
- Latch-down
plug -
- Slack off 5000 lbs redundant back
pressure seal
- Requires centralization
 Intermediate Casing
36 " hole conductor
30 " casing pipe

surface
26 " hole
20 " casing casing

intermediate
17 1/2 " hole
13 3/8 " casing
casing

11 1/2 " hole production

7 5/8 " casing
casing
 Intermediate Casing

Purpose:
 Cases off loss circulation zones, water flows, etc.
 Isolates salt sections
 Protects open hole from increase in mud weight
 Prevents flow from high-pressure zones if mud weight must be reduced
 Basic pressure control casing BOP always installed
 Supports subsequent casings

Characteristics:
 Setting depth varies with hole conditions
 Guide shoe, or float shoe, and float collar commonly used.
 Cement volumes usually largest in well.
 Often cemented in stages.
 Prolonged drilling may be done through this casing, and damage is
common.
 Completion may be made in intermediate casing.
 Production Casing

36 " hole
conductor
30 " casing pipe

surface
26 " hole
20 " casing casing

intermediate
17 1/2 " hole
13 3/8 " casing
casing

11 1/2 " hole production

7 5/8 " casing
casing
 Production Casing
Purpose:
 Conduit for Completion String
 Provides pressure control
 Cover worn or damaged intermediate casing

Characteristics:
 (Setting depth through producing zone)
 Common sizes 4 1/2, 5 1/2 and 7 " casing
 Drilling mud usually in good condition.
 Usually not circulated
 Generally cemented back to intermediate casing
 Good cement job is vital to successful completion.
 LINER
 Liners are used in deep drilling operations to
eliminate the need to run a full string of casing.

 Unlike regular casings, liners terminate downhole at

a point in the last casing.

 Special tools called liner hangers are required to

complete these installations.
Primary Cement Treatments

Reverse.
 Reverse cementing is the process of pumping cement
down the annulus and up the casing.

 The pressures will be much lower than with

conventional cementing.

 The main advantage of this process becomes evident

when the fracture gradients are low because cement
can be placed properly without breaking the formation
in some weak zones.
Primary Cement Treatments

Deviated/Horizontal.
 Wells are drilled at an angle to be able to contact more
of the producing zones or to reach an entire reservoir
from one offshore platform.

 Refer to Directional Drilling for details of drilling

deviated or horizontal wells.

 Multilateral wells are a special sub-set of this well type

(Horizontal, Multilateral, and Multibranch Wells in
Petroleum Production Engineering).
 Primary Cement Treatments
Deepwater.
 Offshore operation with water depths in excess of 600 ft and up to 6000
ft. the formations through which conductor surface pipes are set are
weak to unconsolidated, temperatures are low, and charged water
zones could be encountered.

 Density and flow rate of the cement slurry should be such that the
formation will not break down, yet the slurry still displaces the drilling
fluid effectively and provides effective zonal isolation.

 Considering the low temperatures encountered, the cement slurry

should develop sufficient gel strength to resist fluid migration. See
Formation-Fluid Migration After Cementing for a detailed discussion on
fluid migration.
 Primary Cement Treatments
High-Pressure, High-Temperature (HPHT).
 The materials used in the construction of these wells, including cement,
should be able to withstand the high temperatures and pressures.
 The strength of cement sheath undergoes retrogression beyond about
220°F.
 Silica should be added to cement slurries that are expected to endure
temperatures in excess of 220°F.
 During its life, an HPHT well will undergo much greater changes in
temperature and pressure than other wells.
 Ordinary cement is brittle and will not be able to withstand the fatigue
from cycling of pressure and temperature.
 Researchers are working to improve the cement slurry design to meet
the needs of HPHT wells.
 Primary Job
SF # 136 : SIBERIA#01
9-5/8 Intermediate Casing
Cementer : EKO RONI

Cement Slurry
Well Data Cement Indo G 94#/sacks
Previous Csg: SSA-1 40 % BWOC
Csg OD : 13-3/8” ; 54.5 ppf Halad-344 0.4 % BWOC
Csg ID : 12.615” ; K-55 Halad-23 0.2 % BWOC
Depth : 186 ft CaCl2 1 % BWOC
Present Csg: BHST
D-Air:2L
115 F BHCT: 95 F
0.005 Thickening Gps
Time: 1:54
Csg OD : 9-5/8” ; 36 ppf FDP-C-594 0.15 lb/sx
Csg ID : 8.921” ; K-55 Excess 500 %
Depth : 533 ft Slurry Weight 15.8 ppg
OH : 12-1/4” Mix. Water 6.484 gps
S. Track : 26.75 ft Slurry Yield 1.571 Cuft/Sacks
Capacity
Csg-Csg : 0.0646 Bbl/ft
OH-Csg : 0.0558 Bbl/ft
Csg 9-5/8 : 0.0773 Bbl/ft
Tail Cement Total
@ Shoe Track
26.75 ft(0.0773 Bbl/ft) =
2.07 Bbl
@ Csg-OH
(533 ft- 186 ft) 0.0558 Bbl/ft. 6 = 116.18 Bbl
@ Csg-Csg
186 ft (0.0646 Bbl/ft) = 12.02 Bbl
Total = 130.27 Bbl
Sack Of Cement For Tail
130.27 Bbl (1 Cuft/0.1781 Bbl):1.571 Cuft/sx
= 466 Sx
Displacement Chemical for Tail
(533-26.75)ft(0.0773 Bbl/ft) = 39.13 Bbl  SSA-1
Water Requirement 40%(94lb/sx)466sx =17521.60 lb

Tail = 466Sx(6.484Gps) = 3021.54 Gal = 71.94 Bbl  Halad-344

0.4%(94lb/sx)466sx =175.22 lb
Total = 71.94 Bbl
 Halad-23
PTLP
0.2%(94lb/sx)466sx =87.61 lb
(15.8-8.33)ppg x 506.25 ft x 0.052 = 197 Psi
 CaCl2
Bump Plug
1%(94lb/sx)466sx =438.04 lb
197 Psi + 500 Psi = 697 Psi
 D-Air 2L
Force Up-Force Down
0.005 Gps(466sx) =2.33 Gal
Force Up = 197Psi(0.7854(9.625^2)in2)=14333.71 Lb
Force Down= 506.25 ft (36ppf)(0.8727) =15904.96 Lb
= 26.75 ft (36ppf)(0.7586) =730.53 Lb
Total Force = (14333.71-16635.49)Lb= 2301.78 Lb ↓↓↓