WCDMA Basics and

Optimisation
Agenda
 Basics
 Handover
 Intra-frequency Handover
 Inter-RAT Handover
 OSS Tools
 GPEH
 WNCS
 Counters/stats
Handover
Ec/Io
Assume 39dBm tx power
Assume 43dBm tx power
excl. Pilot power (33dBm)
Cell A
Cell B

120dB pathloss

100dB pathloss

43dBm – 120dB = -78dBm 39dBm – 100dB = -61dBm

33dBm – 100dB = -67dBm

Noise Level = 100dBm

 Ec/Io

CPICH Total CellB excl dBm = log10

CellB CPICH Total CellA Noise Floor (mW)*10

dBm 33 39 42 mW =10^(dBm/10)
pathloss 100 100 120
x -67 -61 -78 -100 SUM (mW) RSSI (dBm)
1.99526E-
10^(x/10) 07 7.94328E-07 1.58489E-08 1E-10 8.10277E-07 -60.9137

Ec/Io -6.086336008
Discuss
 RSSI, Io, No
 RSCP, Ec
 Cell self interference, other cells
 Cell breathing
 Umbrella cells
 Tall sites
SHO
 Soft Handover
 Softer Handover
 Maximal combining
 Power control
Handover
 Intra-frequency
 Inter-frequency
 Inter-system (Inter-RAT)
Intra-frequency Handover
 Reporting event 1A: A Primary CPICH enters the reporting
range
 Reporting event 1B: A primary CPICH leaves the reporting range
 Reporting event 1C: A non-active primary CPICH becomes
better than an active primary CPICH
 Reporting event 1D: Change of best cell
 Reporting event 1E: A Primary CPICH becomes better than an absolute
threshold
 Reporting event 1F: A Primary CPICH becomes worse than an absolute
threshold
 Reporting event 1J: A Non-active E-DCH but active DCH Primary CPICH
becomes better than an active E-DCH Primary CPICH (FDD only)
 More info: 3GPP TS 25.331
SHO Message flow
UE UTRAN

Measurement Report

Active Set Update

Active Set Update Complete

Measurement Control
 Event 1a
Measurement
Quantity

CPICH1 ReportingRange1a - Hysteresis1a/2

Measurement Report
CPICH2

TimeToTrigger1a
 Event 1b
Measurement
Quantity

ReportingRange1b + Hysteresis1b / 2

CPICH1 (AS)

CPICH2 (AS)

Measurement Report

TimeToTrigger1b
 Event 1c
Measurement
Quantity

CPICH1 (AS)

CPICH2 (AS) Hysteresis1c/2

CPICH3 (MN)

Measurement Report

TimeToTrigger1c
 Event 1d (Hs Cell Change)
Measurement
Quantity

CPICH1 (AS) Hysteresis1d/2

CPICH2 (AS)

Measurement Report

TimeToTrigger1d
Notes
 In previous slides, individual cell offsets and hysteresis 1a
and 1b are assumed to be zero for simplicity and easier
illustration

 Periodic reporting option for events 1a and 1c

Measurement Report Example
MeasuredResults : intraFreqMeasuredResultsList
intraFreqMeasuredResultsList
IntraFreqMeasuredResultsList :
[0 ] :
cellSynchronisationInfo
modeSpecificInfo : fdd
countC-SFN-Frame-difference
countC-SFN-High : 0
off : 85
tm : 17907
modeSpecificInfo : fdd
primaryCPICH-Info
primaryScramblingCode : 95
cpich-Ec-N0 : (31) -8.5 (dB)
cpich-RSCP : (47) -68 (dBm)

eventResults
EventResults : intraFreqEventResults
intraFreqEventResults
eventID : e1a
cellMeasurementEventResults
CellMeasurementEventResults : fdd
fdd :
[0 ] :
primaryScramblingCode : 95
 Measurement Control
intraFreqMeasQuantity
filterCoefficient = fc2
modeSpecificInfo
fdd
intraFreqMeasQuantity_FDD = cpich_Ec_N0
reportCriteria
intraFreqReportingCriteria
eventCriteriaList[0]
event_
e1a
triggeringCondition = detectedSetAndMonitoredSetCells
reportingRange = 6
w=0
reportDeactivationThreshold = t2
reportingAmount = ra_Infinity
reportingInterval = ri1
hysteresis = 0
timeToTrigger = tt320
reportingCellStatus
allActivePlusMonitoredAndOrDetectedSet = viactCellsPlus3
Measurement Control
eventCriteriaList[1]
event_
e1b
triggeringCondition = activeSetCellsOnly
reportingRange = 10
w=0
hysteresis = 0
timeToTrigger = ttt640
reportingCellStatus
withinActiveSet = e3
 Measurement Control
eventCriteriaList[2]
event_
e1c
replacementActivationThreshold = t3
reportingAmount = ra_Infinity
reportingInterval = ri1
hysteresis = 2
timeToTrigger = tt320
reportingCellStatus
allActivePlusMonitoredAndOrDetectedSet = viactCellsPlus3
 Measurement Control

eventCriteriaList[3]
event_
e1d = NULL
hysteresis = 15
timeToTrigger = ttt2560
reportingCellStatus
allActivePlusMonitoredAndOrDetectedSet = viactCellsPlus1
Ericsson Parameters
 releaseConnOffset (120)
 maxActiveSet (3)
 hysteresis1a, hysteresis1b (0)
 hysteresis1c (4), hysteresis1d (15)
 measQuantity1 (CPICH_EC_NO)
 reportingInterval1a (3(1)), reportingInterval1c (3(1))
 reportingRange1a (6), reportingRange1b (10)
 timeToTrigger1a (320), timeToTrigger1b (640),
timeToTrigger1c (320), timeToTrigger1d (2560)
 hsHysteresis1d (10(1)), hsQualityEstimate
(CPCIH_RSCP), hsTimeToTrigger1d (640)
Corner Effect / Fast Changing RF
Environment

AS MN

AS MN
Individual Cell Offset
 individualOffset (UtranCell)
 individualOffset (Adjacency)
 individualOffset (GSM Adjacency)
Measurement Control

newIntraFreqCellList[2]
intraFreqCellID = 2
cellInfo
cellIndividualOffset = 0
modeSpecificInfo
fdd
primaryCPICH_Info

primaryScramblingCode = 361
Inter-Frequency Neighbours
 Active Set
 Monitored Set
 Detected Set

 Maximum number of inter-freq neighbours = 31

 Recommended < 25

 No one-way neighbours
Intra-frequency Neighbours
Composite Monitored Set
AS Cell A Cell B Cell C A
B
C
A1 B1 C1 A1
B1
A2 B2 C2 C1
A2
A3 B3 C3 B2
C2

... ... ... ...

C9
A31 B31 C31 A10
B10
Inter-RAT Handover
 Compressed mode
 Event triggered vs Periodic reporting
Events
 Event 2a: Change of best frequency
 Event 2b: The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is below a
certain threshold and the estimated quality of a non-used frequency is
above a certain threshold
 Event 2c: The estimated quality of a non-used frequency is above a certain
threshold
 Event 2d:The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is
below a certain threshold
 Event 2e: The estimated quality of a non-used frequency is below a certain
threshold
 Event 2 f:The estimated quality of the currently used frequency is
above a certain threshold
 Event 2d, 2f (entering and exiting
compressed mode)
Measurement
Quantity

CPICH_BEST
Threshold 2f

Threshold 2d

Measurement Report Measurement Re

TimeToTrigger2d TimeToTrigger2f
Measurement Control
freqQualityEstimateQuantity_FDD = cpich_Ec_N0
.......
reportCriteria
interFreqReportingCriteria
interFreqEventList[0]
event2d
usedFreqThreshold = -10
usedFreqW = 0
hysteresis = 0
timeToTrigger = tt320
interFreqEventList[1]
event2f
usedFreqThreshold = -8
usedFreqW = 0
hysteresis = 0
timeToTrigger = ttt1280

…….
periodicalOrEventTrigger = eventTrigger
Measurement Control
freqQualityEstimateQuantity_FDD = cpich_RSCP

……

reportCriteria
interFreqReportingCriteria
interFreqEventList[0]
event2d
usedFreqThreshold = -90
usedFreqW = 0
hysteresis = 0
timeToTrigger = tt320
interFreqEventList[1]
event2f
usedFreqThreshold = -87
usedFreqW = 0
hysteresis = 0
timeToTrigger = ttt1280
Event-triggered Reporting
 Event 3a:The estimated quality of the currently
used UTRAN frequency is below a certain
threshold and the estimated quality of the other
system is above a certain threshold
 Event 3b: The estimated quality of other system is below a
certain threshold
 Event 3c: The estimated quality of other system is above a
certain threshold
 Event 3d: Change of best cell in other system
 Event 3a
Measurement GSM
Quantity

CPICH

Threshold 3a

GsmThresh 3a

Measurement Report

TimeToTrigger3a
Event 3a
 Measurement Control
newInterRATCellList[2]
interRATCellID = 29
technologySpecificInfo
gsm

interRATCellIndividualOffset = 0
bsic
ncc = 0
bcc = 6
reportCriteria
interRATReportingCriteria
interRATEventList[0]
event3a
thresholdOwnSystem = -12
w=0
thresholdOtherSystem = -95
hysteresis = 0
timeToTrigger = ttt100
reportingCellStatus
UE Tx Power
 Reporting event 6A: The UE Tx power becomes larger than an absolute threshold
 Reporting event 6B:The UE Tx power becomes less than an absolute
threshold
 Reporting event 6C: The UE Tx power reaches its minimum value
 Reporting event 6D:The UE Tx power reaches its maximum value
 Reporting event 6E: The UE RSSI reaches the UE's dynamic receiver range
 Reporting event 6F (FDD): The UE Rx-Tx time difference for a RL included in the
active set becomes larger than an absolute threshold
 Reporting event 6F (1.28 Mcps TDD): The time difference indicated by TADV
becomes larger than an absolute threshold
 Reporting event 6G: The UE Rx-Tx time difference for a RL included in the active
set becomes less than an absolute threshold
 Event 6d, 6b
Measurement
Quantity

Max UE Tx Power

Threshold 6b

Measurement Report Measurement Report

TimeToTrigger6d
TimeToTrigger6b
Measurement Control
reportCriteria
ue_InternalReportingCriteria
ue_InternalEventParamList[0]
event6d = tt320
ue_InternalEventParamList[1]
event6b
timeToTrigger = ttt1280
transmittedPowerThreshold = 18

measurementReportingMode
measurementReportTransferMode =
acknowledgedModeRLC
periodicalOrEventTrigger = eventTrigger
Ericsson Inter-RAT Parameters
 txPowerConnQualMonEnabled (UE Tx monitoring switch)
 hysteresis2d , hysteresis2f (0)
 serviceOffset2dEcno, serviceOffset2dRscp (0)
 timeToTrigger2dEcno , timeToTrigger2dRscp, timeTrigg6d (320)
 timeToTrigger2fEcno, timeToTrigger2fRscps, timeTrigg6b (1280)
 usedFreqThresh2dEcno (-12)
 usedFreqThresh2dRscp (-97)
 ueTxPowerThresh6b (18)
 usedFreqRelThresh2fEcno (1), usedFreqRelThresh2fRscp (3)
 utranRelThreshRscp (5)
 gsmThresh3a (-95)
Event 3a Threshold
 Ec/No Triggered:
 usedFreqThresh2dEcno+ serviceOffset2dEcno+
utranRelThresh3aEcno
 Rscp Triggered:
 usedFreqThresh2dRscp+ serviceOffset2dRscp+
utranRelThresh3aRscp
 UeTx triggered:
 usedFreqThresh2dRscp+ serviceOffset2dRscp+
utranRelThresh3aRscp+ utranRelThreshRscp
Switches
 FddGsmHoSupp true/false (enable or disable IRAT)
 hoType (GSM_PREFFERED, IFHO_PREFERRED, NONE)
Cell versus RNC level parameters
 Cell Level
 usedFreqThresh2dEcno
 usedFreqThresh2dRscp
Neighbour List IRAT
 Max number of Neighbours 32
 Limit the number of neighbours
 Recommended < 15

 Minimise amount of time in compressed mode

 Save battery life
 Prevent issues
Stages of optimisation
 Initial tuning (pre-launch optimisation)
 Network performance improvement (post-launch
optimisation)

 Discuss differences between different stages of

optimisation
 Importance of physical parameters as discussed earlier
Parameters Changes / Trials
 Most impact in a stable environment
 Single changes
 Optimised RF enovironment
OSS Tools
AMOS
 Pmr
 Cedh
 Uer
 Str
 Al
GPEH
 General Performance Event Handling
 Detailed investigation
 Example missing neighbours
(INTERNAL_SOHO_DS_MISSING_NEIGHBOUR)
 Processing of GPEH data:
 OSS (parsing into text format)
 TEMS Visualization
 Aexio Xeus Pro
 Event based statistics
 Internal event in addition to protocol messaging
 Internal, NBAP, RANAP, RNSAP
GPEH
 UETR – UE bases (IMSI)
 CTR – cell or group of cells
 GPEH – RNC, RBS or group or RBS
GPEH
GPEH
GPEH
 Righ click and select Add profile as shown below
 Alternatively access the FILE menu
GPEH
GPEH
GPEH
GPEH
GPEH Parsing
 Right click required profile and select “Parse profile
results”
GPEH Parsing
WNCS
 Optimise and monitor neighbour relations
 Utilises GPEH (General Performance Event Handling) and
counters
 pmRlAddAttemptsBestCellSpeech
 pmRlAddSuccessBestCellSpeech
 Export and report output
WNCS
WNCS
Statistical Tools
 Ericsson (ENIQ)
 Third party (e.g. IBM, Aircom)
 Self made, database
Kget Logfiles
 RNC, RBS configuration export
 Consistency checking
 Internal, external tools for consistency checking
 Database creation (Aexio, MCOM)
 Text format
 Manipulation in external tools possible
 Kget example:
MO UeMeasurementControl
UeMeasControlId 1 timeToTrigger1b 12
event1dRncOffset 2 timeToTrigger1c 11
event1dRncThreshold 2 timeToTrigger1d 14
filterCoeff4_2b 2 timeToTrigger2dEcno 320
filterCoeff6 3 timeToTrigger2dRscp 320
filterCoefficient1 2 timeToTrigger2fEcno 1280
filterCoefficient2 2 timeToTrigger2fRscp 1280
gsmFilterCoefficient3 1 timeToTrigger3a 6
gsmThresh3a -95 timeToTrigger6d 320
hsHysteresis1d 30 timeTrigg4_2b 100
hsQualityEstimate 1 (CPICH_RSCP) timeTrigg6b 1280
hsTimeToTrigger1d 640 txPowerConnQualMonEnabled 1 (TRUE)
hyst4_2b 10 ueTxPowerThresh6b 18
hysteresis1a 0 usedFreqRelThresh2fEcno 2
hysteresis1b 0 usedFreqRelThresh2fRscp 3
hysteresis1c 2 usedFreqRelThresh4_2bEcno 0
hysteresis1d 15 usedFreqRelThresh4_2bRscp 0
hysteresis2d 0 usedFreqThresh2dEcnoDrnc -13
hysteresis2f 0 usedFreqThresh2dRscpDrnc -97
hysteresis3a 0 usedFreqW2d 0
measQuantity1 2 (CPICH_EC_NO) usedFreqW2f 0
nonUsedFreqThresh4_2bEcno -10 usedFreqW4_2b 0
nonUsedFreqThresh4_2bRscp -100 userLabel
nonUsedFreqW4_2b 0 utranFilterCoefficient3 2
reportingInterval1a 3 utranRelThresh3aEcno 0
reportingInterval1c 3 utranRelThresh3aRscp 0
reportingRange1a 6 utranRelThreshRscp 5
reportingRange1b 10 utranW3a 0
timeToTrigger1a 11 w1a 0
w1b 0
Comparison
Counters
Counters
 Network Elements
 RNC, RBS, RXI, OSS EBS
 Counter Types
 Peg – incremented by 1 for specific activity
 Gauge – incremented and decremented
 Accumulator – increased by a value at certain times (eg pmSum)
 Scan – incremented by 1 each time accumurator counter increased
(pmSamples)
 TrigACC – similar to accumulator but increased when there is certain
activity (PmSumAct)
 TrigSCAN – similar to Scan but related to TrigACC (pmSampleAct)
 PDF measurements – read periodically and incremented for certain
range when value falls in that range (eg pmPropagationDelay)
 Calculated statistics
UL RSSI
 pmSamplesUlRssi - number of samples recorded within
the ROP (recording output period) for pmSumUlRssi.
 pmSumUlRssi – number of valid RTWP measurements
 TrigACC counter Type

 RTWP = UL RSSI = Received Total Wideband Power

 Range of UL RSSI (RTWP) measurements: 0 – 621 (0 = -

112dBm, 621=-50dBm)

 Average UL RSSI = -112 + (pmSumUlRssi /

pmSamplesUlRssi) / 10
Propagation Delay [0] = maximum delay
[1] = 0–1%
 pmPropagationDelay [2] = 1–2%
...
 PDF counter [10] = 9–10%
[11] = 10–12%
 100% =35km (cell range) [12] = 12–14%
[13] = 14–16%
...
[20] = 28–30%
[21] = 30–33%
[22] = 33–36%
[23] = 36–39%
...
[30] = 57–60%
[31] = 60–64%
[32] = 64–68%
[33] = 68–72%
...
[40] = 96–100%
One-way neighbours
 Distant neighbours
 Use stats for optimisation
 Stats dependant on traffic
Neighbour relation stats
 pmRlAddAttemptsBestCellCsConvers
 pmRlAddAttemptsBestCellPacketHigh
 pmRlAddAttemptsBestCellPacketLow
 pmRlAddAttemptsBestCellSpeech
 pmRlAddAttemptsBestCellStandAlone
 pmRlAddAttemptsBestCellStream
 pmRlAddSuccessBestCellCsConvers
 pmRlAddSuccessBestCellPacketHigh
 pmRlAddSuccessBestCellPacketLow
 pmRlAddSuccessBestCellSpeech
 pmRlAddSuccessBestCellStandAlone
 pmRlAddSuccessBestCellStream
Gsm Relation Stats
 pmNoAttOutIratHoSpeech
 pmNoFailOutIratHoSpeechGsmFailure
 pmNoFailOutIratHoSpeechReturnOldChNotPhyChFail
 pmNoFailOutIratHoSpeechReturnOldChPhyChFail
 pmNoFailOutIratHoSpeechUeRejection
 pmNoOutIratCcAtt
 pmNoOutIratCcReturnOldCh
 pmNoOutIratCcSuccess
 pmNoSuccessOutIratHoSpeech
CE Utilisation
pmSumDlCredits
pmSamplesDlCredits
pmSumUlCredits
pmSamplesUlCredits

Downlink CE utilisation:
pmSumDlCredits/pmSamplesDlCredits
Uplink CE utilisation:
pmSumUlCredits/pmSamplesUlCredits
Good Reading
 ALEX
 3GPP TS25.331 (www.3gpp.org)
 Other 3GPP documents