LECTURE 1: INTRODUCTION/ STATICS REVIEW

ENGR. ANGELITO N. ANGELES

MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE
BODIES
 INTRODUCTION
Mechanics of materials is a branch of mechanics that studies the internal
effects of stress and strain in a solid body that is subjected to an external
loading. Stress is associated with the strength of the material from which
the body is made, while strain is a measure of the deformation of the
body. In addition to this, mechanics of materials includes the study of
the body’s stability when a body such as a column is subjected to
compressive loading. A thorough understanding of the fundamentals of
this subject is of vital importance because many of the formulas and rules
of design cited in engineering codes are based upon the principles of this
subject.
Mechanics of Materials

 External Loads produce Internal Loads

 Internal Loads cause a body to deform
 Internal Loads cause stress
 How much does body deform?
 How much stress?
 Is it Safe at this stress?
 How big should it be so stress is low enough?
 Course Outcomes 1

 Solve axially loaded members for stresses and

deflections in statically determinate or indeterminate
cases including thermal stresses.
 Solve torsionally loaded shafts for stresses and
deflections in statically determinate or indeterminate
cases.
 Solve beams under bending for stresses.
 Solve transversely loaded beams for internal shear
forces and bending moments. Develop shear and
moment diagrams.
 Course Outcomes 2
 Solve beam deflection problems using integration, and
superposition.
 Solve for the stresses in beams with combined axial
and transverse loads.
 Solve for stresses in general cases of combined loading
and check for yielding using simple yield criteria.
 Solve for transformed stresses, principal stresses and
construct and interpret Mohr's circle for stresses.
 Solve axially loaded slender beams for buckling under a
variety of boundary conditions.
 Statics Review: External Loads
Small contact area; treat as a
point

FR is resultant of One body acting

w(s) = area on another
under curve,
acts at centroid

One body acting

Acting on on another w/o
narrow area contact
External Loads:

 External loads can be Reaction Loads or

Applied Loads!
 Must solve for all unknown external loads
(reaction loads) so that internal loads can be
solved for!
 Internal loads produce stress, strain,
deformation
Support Types and Reactions :

• The surface forces that develop at the

supports or points of contact between
bodies are called REACTIONS.
• As a general rule, if the support prevents
translation in a given direction then a
force must be developed on the member in
that direction. Likewise if rotation is
prevented a couple moment must be
exerted on the member.
Support Types and Reactions (2D):
Support Types and Reactions (2D):
Pin connections
allow rotation.
Reactions at pins
are forces and
NOT MOMENTS.

Degrees of
Freedom
 Equations of Equilibrium
• Two Vector Equations:

• If x, y, z coordinate system is established:

• Coplanar, 2D force system:

• Draw a FBD to account for ALL
loads acting on the body.
 Example FBD:

Draw a FBD of member ABC, which is supported by a smooth collar

at A, roller at B, and link CD.
 Sample : Application of Statics
• The figure shown compute for the reaction at the
supports and the load carried by member AB and BC.
STATICS: You need to be able to…

 Draw free-body diagrams,

 Know support types and their corresponding
reactions,
 Write and solve equilibrium equations so that
unknown forces can be solved for,
 Solve for appropriate internal loads by taking cuts
of inspection,
 Determine the centroid of an area,
 Determine the moment of inertia about an axis
through the centroid of an area.
Internal Reactions

 Internal reactions are

necessary to hold body
together under loading.
 Method of sections - make
a cut through body to find
internal reactions at the
point of the cut.
FBD After Cut

 Separate the two parts and

draw a FBD of either side
 Use equations of
equilibrium to relate the
external loading to the
internal reactions.
Resultant Force and Moment
• Point O is taken at the
centroid of the section.
• If the member (body) is
long and slender, like a
rod or beam, the
section is generally
taken perpendicular to
the longitudinal axis.
• Section is called the
cross section.
Components of Resultant
• Components are
found
perpendicular &
parallel to the
section plane.

• Internal reactions
are used to
determine stresses.
Normal force, N.
This force acts perpendicular to the area. It is
developed whenever the external loads tend to push or pull on the two
segments of the body.

Shear force, V.
The shear force lies in the plane of the area and it is
developed when the external loads tend to cause the two segments of
the body to slide over one another.

Torsional moment or torque, T.

This effect is developed when the
external loads tend to twist one segment of the body with respect to
the other about an axis perpendicular to the area.

Bending moment, M.
The bending moment is caused by the
external loads that tend to bend the body about an axis lying within the
plane of the area.
 Normal Force, Shear
Coplanar Force System Force and Bending
Moment is present
 Procedure of Analysis
• Support Reactions
• Free-body Diagram
• Equations of Equilibrium
 Example 1: Determine the Resultant internal
loadings acting on the cross-section at C of the
cantilevered beam shown:
Example 2: Determine the internal loadings acting
on the cross-section at of the machine shaft shown
 Example 3: The 500-kg engine is suspended from the crane
boom shown. Determine the resultant internal loadings acting
on the cross-section of the boom at E .
Example 4:

Given: Loads as shown on the

truss
Find: The forces in each member
of the truss.
Example 5: Determine the resultant internal torque
acting on the cross sections through points B and C.
Example 6: Determine the resultant internal loadings
acting on the cross section at B of the pipe shown. The
pipe has a mass of 2 kg/m and is subjected to both a
vertical force of 50 and a couple moment of 70 N.m at its
end A. It is fixed to the wall at C.
Paper for all outputs
SEATWORK:
 1. The boom DF of the jib crane and the column DE
have a uniform weight of 50 lb/ft . If the hoist and load
weigh 300 lb, determine the resultant internal loadings
in the crane on the cross section s through points A, B and
C.
 2. Determine the internal torque acting on the cross
sections through points C and D. The support bearings at A
and B allow free turning of the shaft.
3. Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the
cross-sections through point B of the signpost. The post is
fixed to the ground and a uniform pressure of 7 lb/sq.ft.
acts perpendicular to the face of the sign.
ASSIGNMENT:
 1. Determine the internal normal
force , shear force and bending
moment at C of the following beams
shown:
2. Determine the internal normal force ,
shear force and bending moment at C of
the following beams shown:
3. Determine the internal normal force ,
shear force and bending moment at C of
the following beams shown: