COMP 101

Prelims Period Part 1

(Computer Systems)

Presented By:
Mr. John Patrick T. Pascual
What Is a Computer?
A device that accepts input, processes data, stores data,
and produces output, all according to a series of stored
instructions.

INPUT OUTPUT
PROCESS
Raw facts, figures, and Results produced by the
symbols that are put into Way in which the computer computer
a computer system manipulates data

* Words & symbols in a

document * Reports
* Numbers for calculations * Documents
* Pictures * Music
* Audio signals from a * Graphs
microphone * Pictures
* Instructions from a computer
program
History of Computers
Abacus Early aid for
mathematical
computations

In 1617, John Napier invented logarithms,

which are a technology that allows multiplication
to be performed via addition.

He also invented Napier’s

(photo courtesy IBM]
Bones, which led directly to
the slide rule.
History of Computers
The calculating clock, the first gear-driven
calculating machine was invented by Wilhelm
Schickard in 1623.

(Photo courtesy of http://www.computersciencelab.com)

In 1642 Blaise Pascal, at

age 19, invented the
Pascaline, one-function
calculator (it could only add)

[photo © 2002 IEEE]

History of Computers
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz invented the stepped reckoner, a
four-function (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
division) calculator.
He was the first to advocate use of the binary number system
which is fundamental to the operation of modern computers.

Charles Babbage, known as Father of Computers, invented

the Analytical Engine, the first programmable machine.
History of Computers
Ada Lovelace was considered as the first
computer programmer. She also invented the
subroutine and was the first to recognize the
importance of looping.

Herman Hollerith , in 1890, invented the

Hollerith’s Desk, consisted of a card reader, a
gear driven mechanism which could count (using
Pascal's mechanism, and a large wall of dial
indicators to display the results of the count.
He also built the Tabulating Machine Company,
now known as International Business Machines
(IBM).
History of Computers
* In 1937, J.V. Atanasoff built the
Atanasoff-Berry Computer, the first
all-electronic digital computer.
* It was the first machine to store data
as a charge on a capacitor.
* It was also the first to employ binary
arithmetic.

The Colossus.

It was considered as the

granddaddy of the modern
computer.
History of Computers
In 1941 Konrad Zuse, built the first
operational, general-purpose,
programmable (that is, software controlled)
digital computer, called the Zuse Z3.

In 1944, Dr. Howard Aiken designed

Harvard Mark I, the first programmable
digital computer.

The Mark I ran non-stop for 15 years.

History of Computers
Admiral Grace Hopper was one of the primary programmers
for the Mark I. She found the first computer "bug": a dead
moth that had gotten into the Mark I and whose wings were
blocking the reading of the holes in the paper tape. She was
credited with coining the word "debugging" to describe the
work to eliminate program faults.
She also constructed the world’s
first compiler and invented the first
high-level programming language,
“Flow-matic” which is now known as
COBOL.

ENIAC - Electronic Numerical

Integrator and Calculator

* The forefather of today's all-electronic

digital computers
* Built by John Mauchly and J. Presper
Eckert, between 1943-1945.
* The first machine to use vacuum tubes.
History of Computers
EDVAC – Electronic Discrete
Variable Automatic Computer

* Invented by John von Neumann in

1946.
* Pioneered the stored program
concept.

Jay Forrester, in the late 1940s, invented core memory.

History of Computers
UNIVAC – Universal Automatic
Computer

* Product of Eckert & Mauchly, 1950s.

* The first mass-produced computer.
* The first computer to employ
magnetic tape

Reynold B. Johnson, in 1956, invented the first hard disk drive and was considered
to be the “father” of the disk drive.
History of Computers
IBM S/360, in 1964, was the first family of computers designed to cover the
complete range of applications, from small to large, both commercial and
scientific

Interface Message Processor

(IMP), in 1969, was the first to
send an internet packet.
History of Computers
Intel, in 1971, developed the first microprocessor, a computer that is fabricated
on an integrated circuit (IC).

MITS Altair 8800, in 1975, became the

world’s first kit-based personal computer.
History of Computers
In 1970s, mainframe computers
were used.

Cray-1, in 1976, became one of

the best known and most
successful supercomputers.
History of Computers
Apple II, in 1977, was
world’s first personal
computer.

In 1990s, personal
computers were used.
Major Components of Computer Systems
Hardware
- The physical devices that make up a computer
Major Components of Computer Systems
Software
- A set of instructions that makes the computer perform
tasks
Major Components of Computer Systems
Network
- An interconnection of two or more computers
through the use of cables, telephone lines, radio
transmitter, satellites and other wireless telecommunication
devices
Components of a Computer
What is an input device?
 Gathers raw data
and transforms it into
a series of electronic
signals for the
computer
Components of a Computer
What is an output device?
 Displays, prints,
or transmits the
results of processing
Components of a Computer
• What are two main components on the
motherboard?
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The electronic component that
interprets and carries out the basic
instructions that operate the
computer

Memory
Consists of electronic components
that store instructions waiting to be
executed and data needed by those
instructions
Components of a Computer
What is a system unit ?
 Case
containing
electronic
components
used to process
data
Components of a Computer
What is storage?
 Holds data, instructions, and information for
future use
Storage media Storage device
Physical material on which Records and retrieves
data, instructions, and
items to and from
information
are stored storage media
Advantages of Using Computers

Speed Reliability Consistency

Storage Communications

Disadvantages of Using Computers

Violation of Impact on
Privacy Labor Force

Impact on
Health Risks
Environment
Categories of Computers

Mainframes

Minicomputers
Categories of Computers

Personal Computers
(desktop)

Servers
Categories of Computers

Game Consoles

Mobile Computers and

Personal Digital
Mobile Devices Assistant (PDA)

Handheld computers
Categories of Computers
Embedded Computers

A special-purpose computer that functions as a component in a larger

product
 COMP 101
Prelims Period Part 2
(The Computer Industry)
The Computer Industry

General
business and
Computer Computer
government equipment software
organizations field field

Computer
Computer education
service and Computer and
repair field sales training
field

IT consulting Primary areas where IT job

field
opportunities are found
The Computer Industry- IT Department and Available Jobs
Chief Information Officer / VP of IT Project Leader / Manager
Management
E-commerce Administrator Chief Security Officer
Network Administrator

System
Computer Scientist Software Engineer Technical Writer
development
and Systems Analyst Technical Lead
programming
Systems Programmer Web Page Author

Computer Forensics Quality Assurance

Desktop Publisher
Specialist Specialist
Technical Graphic Designer /
Computer Technician
services Illustrator
Network Security Security
Database Administrator
Specialist Administrator

Operations Computer Operator Data Communications Analyst

Training Corporate Trainer Help Desk Specialist

The Computer Industry - Fields in the IT Industry
A. Computer Equipment Field
 Involves the manufacture and distribution of computers
and computer-related hardware.
 Careers involve designing, manufacturing, and production
of computer equipment.
B. Computer Software Field
 Involves the development, manufacture and support of software.
 Careers involve programming, software engineering and
research.
C. Computer Service and Repair Field
 Involves providing preventative maintenance, component
installation, and repair services.
The Computer Industry - Fields in the IT Industry
D. Computer Sales Field
 Involves product selling

E. Computer Education and Training Field

 Involves student education and corporate training

F. IT Consultancy Field
 Involves specialization in computer selection, system
design, communications, hardware and software
configuration, network design & installation and web
development.
IT Certifications and its Benefits
What is certification?
 Process of verifying technical
knowledge in a particular area
 Proficiency is acknowledged with
certificate
What are the benefits of certification?
 Enhances employee’s
career, provides better
standing as industry
professional, and higher
salaries and bonuses
 COMP 101
Prelims Period Part 3
(Internet and Web Basics)
The Internet
- it is a computerized worldwide information
network
- it is composed of a large number of smaller
interconnected networks called internets
How did the Internet originate?
ARPANET
Networking project by Pentagon’s Advanced
Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
Became functional September 1969

Goals:
1) To allow scientists at different locations to share information.
2 To function if part of network were disabled.
How can you connect to the Internet?
Slow-speed
technology
Dial-up access
modem in your
computer uses a
standard telephone line
to connect to the Internet
Connection must be established
each time you log on.
Slow but inexpensive
High-speed
connection
Digital subscriber line (DSL),
cable telephone Internet
services (CATV), cable modem,
fixed wireless, and satellite modems
Connection is always on—
whenever the computer
is running
Internet Technologies
1. XML
- eXtensible Markup Language
- users define their own tags and how tags are to be
interpreted using Extensible Stylesheet Language
(XSL)
Internet Technologies
2. JAVASCRIPT
- also known as Jscript and ECMAScript
- a “scripting language”
Internet Technologies
3. JAVA
- an object-oriented language
- more powerful than Javascript
- it has routines called Java applets found on Web pages

NOTE:
Applet - a piece of code designed to run inside a Web
browser or other applet viewer.
JVM - Java Virtual Machine
- found inside each Web browser that executes
compiled Java code.
Internet Technologies
4. FLASH
- a vector-based animation tool
- extremely small that it can be used over low bandwidth
connections
Internet Technologies
5. QUICKTIME
- uses bitmapped images
- can display real movies instead of cartoon-like
animations
The World Wide Web
What is the World Wide Web (WWW)?

A worldwide collection of electronic documents

Each electronic document is called a Web page

Can contain text, graphics, sound, video, and built-in connections

A Web site is a collection of related Web pages

The World Wide Web
What is a browser?
 Program that allows you to view Web pages

Netscape
Communications Corp

Apple
Newsgroup
- another way for people to communicate on the
internet
- It’s a kind of electronic bulletin board
Usenet
- a large collection of newsgroups
for public consumption
- organized into hierarchies
About Usenet Society
Ex: news.announce.newusers Ex: soc.culture.turkish

Computers Miscellaneous
Ex: comp.lang.java.advocacy Ex: misc.legal.moderated
Science Discussion/Debate
Ex: sci.chem Ex: talk.copyright

Recreation Alternative
Ex: rec.pets.dog Ex: alt.folklore.urban
User Interface
- Its basically what is seen in the screen
Desktop

Start Button
Taskbar – Windows 7
User Interface
- It is a combination of software and hardware
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
- pronounced as GOO-ee
- the mouse is used to point at the graphical
objects such as Windows, menus, icons,
buttons and tools on screen
- pioneered at the Xerox Palo Alto Research
Center in the 1970’s
- commercialized by Apple Computer in the
1980’s
- enables issuing of commands to the computer
by using visual objects
- One of the key advantages: It frees
the user from memorizing and
typing commands
 COMP 101
Prelims Period Part 4
(Data, Information and Files)
Data vs Information
Data
- The characters, or symbols being
operated on by a computer, stored and
transmitted in the form of electrical
signals and recorded on magnetic,
optical, or mechanical recording media.
Information
- The result of applying data
processing to data. Data that has been
processed, organized, structured or
presented in a given context so as to
make it useful.

- A raw, unorganized facts that need to - It is an interpreted data.

be processed.

- It can be something simple and

seemingly random and useless until it is
organized.

Example: Example:
The class' average score or the school's
Each student's test score is one piece of data average score is the information that can be
concluded from the given data.
Kinds of entities supported by the MS
Windows File System

- A collection of data that is a sequence of

bytes and stored on a storage medium
- The bytes directly encode individual letters,
numbers and punctuation symbols that
make up words and sentences
- Can be up to 255 characters and can
contain letters, numbers and certain
special characters, including spaces
- Contained in folders
Kinds of entities supported by the MS
Windows File System

- Sometimes called directories

- It has a home in another folder called its parent
-the top of the folder hierarchy is called the root

- drive designators like drive A and drive C refer

to specific physical devices

- an alternate way to reach a file

File System
- a software abstraction for organizing data on mass
storage media such as hard drives, floppy disks and
optical disks
Filename Extension
- Further describes the file contents
File Contents
Extension
.txt Plain text file
.doc MS Word document
.htm HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language)
document
.xls MS Excel spreadsheet
.gif GIF (Graphic Interchange Format) image
.jpg JPG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
image
Filename Extension
File Contents
Extension
.wav Sound file
.exe Executable file (binary machine code)
.com MS-DOS executable file
.drv Driver (for a peripheral device)
.bat Batch (script) file for DOS command
interpreter
Digital Data Representation
- Computers represent information using zeros
& ones, called “binary notation”
-Each digit is represented by a voltage in the
computer’s circuitry w/c are called “on” and
“off”
Bits and Bytes
Bit - the smallest unit for
digitizing data
(value is either 0 or 1)

Nibble - it is equal to
four bits
Byte - it is equal to eight bits
- represents one character (a letter,
number or special symbols)
Measure of Bytes
1970’s 1980’s 1900’s 2000’s
Storage Capacity Thousands Millions Billions Trillions
Prefix Kilo Mega Giga Tera
Abbreviation K M G T
Three Popular Coding Systems to Represent Data
ASCII EBCDIC UNICODE
It is a character-encoding It is an 8-bit character encoding It is a computing
scheme originally based used mainly on IBM mainframe and industry standard
on the English alphabet IBM midrange computer operating for the consistent
that encodes 128 systems. encoding,
specified characters - the representation
numbers 0-9, the letters a- and handling of
z and A-Z, some basic text expressed in
punctuation symbols, most of the
some control codes that world's writing
originated with Teletype systems.
machines, and a blank
space - into the 7-bit
binary integers.
A to Z  65 to 90 A to I  193 to 201 (B1 to B9) U+2163  IV
a to z  97 to 122 J to R  209 to 217 (C1 to C9)
0 to 9  48 to 57 S to Z  226 to 233 (D2 to D9)
0 to 9  240 to 249 (F0 to F9)
a to i  129 to 137 (81 to 89)
j to r  145 to 153 (91 to 99)
s to z  162 to 169 (A2 to A9)