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Packed Tower
Spray tower Venturi Absorber
CONCEPT OF ABSORPTİON
Gas absorption is the removal of one or
more pollutants from a contaminated gas
stream by allowing the gas to come into
intimate contact with a liquid that
enables the pollutatants to become
dissolved by the liquid. The principal
factor dictating performance is the
solubility of the pollutants in the
absorbing liquid.
The rate of transfer in the liquid is dictated
by the diffusion processes occurring on
each side of the gas liquid interface.
LİQUİD WASTE
Pollutants removed from the gas stream transferred
into liquid phase whose disposal is another issue
to deal with.
Therefore scrubber needs other units such as
storage vessels, additives to treat the scrubbing
liquid according to required discharge standards.
ABSORPTION
Absorption units must provide large surface area of
liquid-gas interface
Therefore the units are designed to provide large
liquid surface area with a minimum of gas pressure
drop
PACKED TOWER
PACKING MATERIAL AND SHAPES
Packing material (must be inert) is designed to
increase the liquid-film surface
Many geometric shapes are available : Raschig ring,
pall ring, berl saddle, tellerete etc.
PACKING MATERIAL AND SHAPES
PACKING
MATERIAL
PROPERTIES
ABSORPTION THEORY
Physically, the absorption of a pollutant gas from a
moving gas stream into an appropriate liquid
stream is quite complex
Basically the transfer process into each fluid stream
is accomplished by 2 mechanisms:
The pollutant species is transferred from the bulk of
the gas stream toward the gas-liquid interface by
turbulent eddy motions
Very close to the interface laminant flow is valid and
transfer is accomplished by molecular diffusion
On the liquid side of the interface process is
reversed
ABSORPTION THEORY
ABSORPTION THEORY
On the basis of Fick's Law, the diffusion of one gas
(A) through a second stagnant gas B, NA, the molar
rate of transfer of A per unit cross-sectional area is
given by;
NA = -DAB (dcA/dz)/(1-(cA/c)
DAB: molecula diffusion coef. (m2/t)
cA: molar concentration of species A (mol/L)
c: molar concentration of the gas mixture (mol/L)
z: the direction of mass transfer (m)
P=c
Inject
solute A
Inert carrier
gas
Mole
fraction in Exp. Equilib.
Inert Liquid
gas, yA Distribution
Solvent
curve
Inert carrier
gas
Mole
fraction in Exp. Equilib.
Inert Liquid
gas, yA Distribution
Solvent
curve
0,02
X2,Y2
0
Y2=0.00435 0.092
0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1
X, moles solute per mole solvent
Since the liquid rate is to be 30% greater than the miniumu rate
(Lm,S)/Gm,C)design = 1,30(0.90) = 1.17 mole/mole
Lm,S = Gm,C*1,17 = 1.17*73.6 = 86.1 lb moles/hr
EXAMPLE
y, moles solute per mole
0,1
Y1=0.087
carrier gas 0,08
0,06
(Lm,S/Gm,C)=1.17
0,04 0,90
0,02
X2,Y2
X1: 0.0707
0.00435
0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1
X, moles solute per mole solvent
Now, X1 can now be found.
1. Graphically by drawing operating line with a slope of 1.17 with starting
point of (0, 0.00435) and the point crosses Y1=0.087 can be read. OR
2. From Lms/Gm,C = Y2-Y1/(X2-X1)=0.00435-0.087/(0-X1) = 1.17
X1 = 0.0707 lm mole A/lm mole water or x1 = 0.066 lb mole A /lb moles
solution
FLOW RATES
The gas and liquid rates: Lm,2 Gm,2
GC = 73.6*29 = 2134 lb/hr Ls Gc
GA,1 = 6.4*17 = 109 lb/hr x2 y2
GA,2 = 0.32*(17) = 5.4 lb/hr X2 Y2
T = const
LS = 86.1*18=1550 lb/hr P = const
LA,1 = DGA= 109*0.95=104 lb/hr Cross-sectional
area, A
Therefore: dz
G1 = 2134 +109=2243 lb/hr bottom
L1 = 1550 +104 = 1654 lb/hr
G2 = 21345+5=2139 lb/hr top Lm,1 Gm,1
L Gc
L2=1550 + 0 = 1550 lb/hr top s
x1 y1
X1 Y1
TOWER AREA
To determine the tower area, we need to use Figure flooding
correlation plot.
Therefore we need to calculate gas and liquid phase densities
at the top and bottom of the tower. Since the ammonia
content is very low in liquid phase, use the density of pure
water, 62.3 lb/ft3 as the solution density through the tower.
K y a ( y AG y *A ) dz d (Gm ' y )
Gm ' dy Gm ' y
dZ
K y a( y y )
*
K G aP ( y y * )
Gm ' dy Gm ' dy
dZ
K y a( y y )
*
K G aP( y y * )
G 'm y1 dy
K OG aP yZ y y *
Z
HTU or NTU or
Hoy Noy
2018/6/13
be simplified:
x1, y1*
xZ, yZ*
Z=
G 'm
´
y1 - yz
; DyLM =
( y - y ) - (y - y )
1
*
1 z
*
z
KOG aP DyLM æ y - y* ö
ln ç 1 1* ÷
è yz - yz ø
56
Pure amine 0.04% CO2
Lm = 0.46 gmole/s
2018/6/13
The entering gas contains 1.27% CO2 and is in equilibrium with
a solution of amine containing 7.3% mole CO2. The gas leaves
containing 0.04% CO2. The amine, flowing counter-currently,
enters pure. Gas flow rate is 2.31 gmole/s and liquid flow rate is
1.27% CO2
Gm = 2.31
gmole/s
C* = 7.3%
CO2 in
amine
57
Absorption of concentrated vapor
Mole balance on the controlled volume
x1, y1
2018/6/13
d d
0 (G 'm y ) ( L'm x)
dz dz
1 1
G 'm G 'm 0 L'm L'm 0
1 y 1 x
xZ, yZ
Calculate or find:
a) Concentration of the soluble gas in the effluent liquid if the column is operated at
minimum liquid flow rate