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Disclosure
Not sponsored by any pharmaceutical companies
The Patient
• 51-year-old male with acutely decompensated
schizo-affective disorder was readmitted 1 day
after discharge to UW Psychiatry involuntarily
for increasing agitation and psychosis
• Gastrointestinal causes
Vomiting
Nasogastric drainage
Enterocutaneous fistula
Diarrhea
Use of osmotic cathartic agents (e.g., lactulose)
• Cutaneous causes
Burns
Excessive sweating
Causes of Hypernatremia (cont’d)
Hypertonic sodium gain
Hypertonic sodium bicarbonate infusion
Ingestion of sodium chloride
Ingestion of sea water
Sodium chloride-rich emetics
Hypertonic saline enemas
Intrauterine injection of hypertonic saline
Hypertonic sodium chloride infusion
Hypertonic dialysis
Primary hyperaldosteronism
Cushing’s syndrome
What is the hypernatremia
due to in our patient?
• Poor water/oral intake due to psychosis
(per hx)
• Acquired partial nephrogenic DI due to
Lithium (suggested by low urine osmolality
relative to high serum osmolality)
• Increased insensible loss due to agitation,
and hyperventilation
• ?? Renal loss of sodium-urine Na+ 41
Clinical Manifestations
• CNS dysfunction s/s depend on large or rapid
increases in serum Na+ concentration
• Outpatients: Affects extremes of ages
• Infants: hyperpnea, restlessness, m/s weakness,
lethargy, coma
• Elderly: few sx until Na+ > 160; confusion, coma
more related to coexisting condition
• Inpatients: all ages, sx more elusive in presence
of pre-existing neurologic dysfunction
Management
A two-pronged approach:
• Addressing the underlying cause: stopping
GI loss, controlling pyrexia, hyperglycemia,
correcting hypercalcemia or feeding
preparation, moderating lithium induced
polyuria
• Correcting the prevailing hypertonicity: rate
of correction depends on duration of
hypernatremia to avoid cerebral edema
Effects of Hypernatremia on the Brain and
Adaptive Responses
Correction of Hypernatremia
• Hypernatremia that developed over a
period of hours (accidental loading)
– Rapid correction improves prognosis
without cerebral edema
– Accumulated electrolytes in brain rapidly
extruded
– Reducing Na+ by 1 mmol/L/hr appropriate
Rate of Correction (Cont’d)
• Hypernatremia of prolonged or unknown
duration
– a slow pace of correction prudent
– full dissipation of brain solutes occurs over
several days
– maximum rate 0.5 mmol/L/hr to prevent
cerebral edema
– A targeted fall in Na+ of 10 mmol/L/24 hr
Goal of Treatment
• Reduce serum sodium concentration to
145 mmol/L
• Make allowance for ongoing obligatory
or incidental losses of hypotonic fluids
that will aggravate the hypernatremia
• In patients with seizures prompt
anticonvulsant therapy and adequate
ventilation
Administration of Fluids
• Preferred route: oral or feeding tube
• IV fluids if oral not feasible
• Except in cases of frank circulatory
compromise, isotonic saline is unsuitable
• Only hypotonic fluids are appropriate-pure
water, 5% dextrose, 0.2 % saline, 0.45%
saline-the more hypotonic the infusate, the
lower the infusion rate required
Calculation of Free Water Deficit