3.

3 Measures of Position

Measures of location in comparison to the mean.

- standard scores
- percentiles
- deciles
- quartiles
 Z score or Standard Score

90 on a music test vs 45 on an English test

The Z score tells us how many standard deviations a data value is

above or below the mean.
 Z score or Standard Score

The Z score tells us how many standard deviations a data value is

above or below the mean.

-Subtract the mean from the value and divide by

standard deviation

Z=

Z=
A student scores a 65 on a calc test that has a mean of 50 and a
standard deviation of 10. She scored a 30 on a history test with
a mean of 25 and standard deviation of 5. Compare her relative
positions on the two tests.
Test 1: X = 38, X = 40 and s = 5

Test 2: X = 94, X = 100, s = 10

A set of data has a mean of 105 and a standard deviation of 8.
Find the data values that correspond to the following z scores.

a. 2
b. -1
c. 0
d. -1.6
 Percentiles

Percentiles divide the data set into 100 equal groups

Percentiles are symbolized by P1,P2, P3, ...P100

Dividing the distribution into 100 groups.

P P9
P1 2 9
1% 1% 1%
 Percentiles

The percentile corresponding to a given value X is found

using the following formula:

(number of values below X) + .5

Percentile = 100%
total number of values
A teacher gives a 20 point test to 10 students. Find the
percentile rank of the score of 12. Then find the percentile rank
of the score of 6.

18,15,12,6,8,2,3,5,20,10
 18,15,12,6,8,2,3,5,20,10

Now use the data to determine the value corresponding

with the 25th percentile.

n = # values
Formula to use: c = n*p p = percentile
100

if c is not a whole number: round up to the nearest whole

number
if c is a whole number find the value halfway between the cth
term and the c+1 term
Find the value that corresponds to the 60th percentile

2,3,5,6,8,10,12,15,18,20
The frequency distribution for the systolic blood pressure readings (in mm or mercury) of
200 randomly selected college students is shown here. Construct a Percentile Graph.

Boundaries Frequenc cumulativ cumulativ

y e e percent
frequency
89.5-104.5 24

104.5-119.5 62

119.5-134.5 72

134.5-149.5 26

149.5-164.5 12

164.5-179.5 4
 Cumulative Percentages

Class Boundaries
 Quartiles

Quartiles divide the distribution into 4 groups: Q1,Q2,Q3,

Q1 --> is the same as P25 or 25th percentile

Q2 --> is the same as P50 or 50th percentile

Q3 --> is the same as P75 or 75th percentile

 MD
largest data
smallest data
value Q Q Q value

1 2 3
25% 25% 25% 25%
 Finding the Quartiles

Q2 --> The Median!

Q --> The median of the data below Q2

1

Q --> The median of the data above Q2

3
Find Q1,Q2 and Q3 for the following data set.

15,13,6,5,12,50,22,18
 Deciles

Deciles divide the data into ______ groups.

We can use the formula for Percentiles to find Deciles

 Interquartile Range

Quartiles can be used as a rough measurement of

variability

Interquartile Range: (IQR) the difference between Q3 and Q1. Or the

range of the middle 50% of the data.

We can use the IQR to identify outliers

 Outlier

An extremely high or extremely low value when compared

the rest of the data.

Outliers affect:
- mean
-standard deviation
-range
 How do we determine if a value is high or low
enough to be an outlier?

1. Put the data in order and find the quartiles.

2. Find IQR
3. Multiply the IQR by 1.5
4. Subtract the product from Q1 and add it to Q3.
5. If there are any values lower or higher than those two values,
they are considered outliers.
Check the following for outliers
5,6,12,13,15,18,22
 Using the Calculator

1. Enter data into L1

2. Press stat
3. Move the arrow 1 right to Calc
4. Press 1 for Var-Stats
5. Press 2nd L1 then enter
 Using the Calculator

Your calculator will display the following:

x: sample mean
x: sum of the data values
x2: sum of the squares of the data values
Sx: sample standard deviation
: population standard deviation
minX: smallest data value
Q1: lower quartile
Med: median
Q3: upper quartile
maxX: largest data value
 Using the Calculator

Use your calculator to find the stats on the following

data:
11.2, 11.9, 12.0, 12.8, 13.4, 14.3
 Using the Calculator

For grouped data...

1. Enter midpoints into L1
2. Enter frequencies into L2
3. Press stat button
4. Use arrow to move 1 right to calc
5. Press 1 for vars stats
6. Press 2nd L1 and 2nd L2 then enter
 Using the Calculator

Find the mean and standard deviation of the

following data.

5.5-10.5 1 8
10.5-15.5 2 13
15.5-20.5 3 18
20.5-25.5 5 23
25.5-30.5 4 28
30.5-35.5 3 33
35.5-40.5 2 38
 Using the Calculator

Graph a percentile graph on your calculator

5.5-10.5 1
10.5-15.5 2
15.5-20.5 3
20.5-25.5 5
25.5-30.5 4
30.5-35.5 3
35.5-40.5 2