GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1

Prepared by: Sir Marvin Kent Bandibas

ATOMS, MOLECULES and IONS
Module 4
 OBJECTIVES:

1. Explain how the basic laws of matter (law of the conservation of mass, law of
constant composition, law of multiple proportion) led to the formulation of Dalton’s
Atomic Theory

2. Describe Dalton’s Atomic Theory

3. Differentiate atomic number, atomic mass number, isotopes; which element

distinguishes one from the other.

4. Differentiate among atoms, molecules, ions and give examples

5. Writing isotopes, recognize common isotopes and their uses.

 HOMEWORK

1. Study about the nomenclature or how to name

ionic compounds.
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 History of the Atom

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 ATOMS

Understanding the atomic structure and the ways in which atoms interact is central
to an understanding of chemistry.

What is an atom?
 ATOMS

An ATOM is the smallest particle or unit

of an element that can enter into a
chemical combination.

ATOM is derived from the Greek word

“atomos”, it means “uncut” and “indivisible”.
 Elements Found In Humans

Elements Symbol Function

Major components of molecules found in humans

Oxygen O required for water and organic compounds

Carbon C required for organic compounds
Hydrogen H required for water and organic compounds
Nitrogen N required for organic compounds and all proteins
Sulfur S required for proteins and some organic compounds

Nutritionally important elements required in amounts greater than 100 mg/day

Calcium Ca for bones and teeth, for some enzymes, nerve

muscle function, hormonal actions, cells and blood
Phosphorus P for bones and teeth, important for high-energy
compounds, proteins, nucleic acids
Magnesium Mg required for many enzymes, necessary for energy reactions requiring ATP
Potassium K principal positive intracellular ion
Sodium Na principal positive extracellular ion
Chlorine Cl principal negative ion
 ATOMS

How atoms was interpreted by the Greek

philosophers?
 ATOMS

The first credits for atomic theory is usually given to our Greek philosophers Leucippus and
Democritus. Their theory held that the continued subdivision of matter would ultimately yield
atoms, which could not be further divided.

Greek’s view on ATOMs

 ATOMS

In modern Chemistry, as the theories evolved, this is how John Dalton

construe the interaction of atoms.
 ATOMIC THEORY TIMELINE

Eugene Ernest Rutherford

Wilhelm James
Goldstein JJ Thomson developed a
Rontgen Chadwick
John Dalton Proposed discovers the structure of an
X-rays discovers the
developed a the existence developed electron and atom, confirmed
isotopes proton and nucleus neutron
theory of proton
1803 1886 1896 1898 1909 1931

442 BC 1870 1898 1908 1913 1938

Democritus Pierre Curie

Sir William Robert Neils Bohr Otto Hahn
and and Marie
Crookes Millikan improves the discovers
Leucippus Curie says
constructed a measured atomic model nuclear fission
atoms releases
Cathode ray electron
radiation.
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 DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY

1. Everything is composed of atoms, which are the indivisible

building blocks of matter and cannot be destroyed.

2. All atoms of an element are identical and having the same

properties. That atoms of different elements vary in size and mass.

John Dalton
 DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY

3. Compounds are produced through two or more different whole-

number combinations of atoms.

4. A chemical reaction results in the joining, separating,

rearrangement of atoms in the reactant and product compounds.

John Dalton
DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY
 Revisions of Dalton’s Theory

In modern Chemistry, it was found out that NOT all atoms of any given elements are identical. For
example, 2 kinds of chlorine atom are known, and four lead atoms are shown to exist. Such atoms
are called ISOTOPES.

Example of selected elements with stable isotopes:

Chlorine Cl-35 , Cl-37
Carbon C-12, C-13
Oxygen O-16, O-18, O-17
Potassium K-39, K-40, K-41
Lithium Li-7 , Li-6

We now also know that atoms can be disintegrated. Many elements, such as uranium, and radium
(radioactive elements), undergo constant, spontaneous disintegration, their atoms being
transformed into atoms of simpler elements.
What are the first 3 Laws of Chemistry?
 LAWS OF CHEMISTRY

THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS

states that there is no detectable change in mass during the course of a chemical reaction. The 2nd
postulate of Dalton’s theory explains this law.

2 amu 16 amu 18 amu

 LAWS OF CHEMISTRY

THE LAW OF DEFINITE PROPORTIONS

states that a pure compound always contains the same elements combined in the same
proportions by mass. The 3rd postulate of Dalton’s theory explains this law.
Is this glass full?
Is this a mixture?
 LAWS OF CHEMISTRY

THE LAW OF DEFINITE PROPORTIONS

Water Mass Hydrogen Oxygen H% O%

Glass A 31 g 3.469g 27.53g 11.19% 88.81%

Glass B 8 g 0.8951g 7.105g 11.19% 88.81%

 LAWS OF CHEMISTRY
THE LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTIONS

-states that when 2 elements (A and B), form more than one compound, the amount of A that are
combined in these compounds with a fixed amount of B are in a small whole-number ratio.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM

Two different compounds of Nitrogen and Oxygen yielded the following results on analysis:

Compound A has 5.60 g of N are combined with 3.20 g of O

Compound B has 1.75 g of N are combined with 4.00g of O

What are the small whole numbers involved in the Law of Multiple Proportions as applied to this
data?

Solution:
Compound A 5.60 g of N / 3.20 g of O = 1.75 g of N to 1.00 g of O
Compound B 1.75 g N / 4.00 g of O = 0.438 g of N to 1.00 g of O

N = 1.75 / 0.438 = 4 ; while for O = 1 / 1 = 1

There fore, these are the small whole numbers 4 : 1 ( 4 is to 1 ratio)

 SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES (PROTONS)
This cathode-ray tube was designed by Sir Joseph John Thompson
(1897), and this leads to the confirmation of the particles called
electrons.

However, it was Robert Millikan measured the

charged of the electron (electronic charges). That
electrons are present in all matter.
 SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES (PROTONS)
Ernest Rutherford (1910) and his discovery of the tiny
atomic core called nucleus. Also he confirmed the
presence of positively charged particles, called
protons.
 SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES (NEUTRONS)
James Chadwick (1932) on the detection of neutrally charged particles called neutrons. He observed
that the space outside the nucleus are electrically charged.

Particle Symbol Charge Weight in AMU Location in Atom

Protons p or p+ +1 1 inside nucleus
Electron e or e- -1 1/1837 outside nucleus
Neutron n or n0 0 1 inside nucleus
 SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES

Particle Symbol Atomic Weight in AMU Location in Atom Electric Charge

Charge
Protons p or p+ +1 1.0073 inside nucleus +1.6022 x 10-19

Electron e or e- -1 1/1837 or outside nucleus -1.6022 x 10-19

0.00054858

Neutron n or n0 0 1.0078 inside nucleus 0 (neutral)

What is the difference between atoms
and molecules?
ATOMIC STRUCTURE: NEILS BOHR
 ATOMIC STRUCTURE

A proton is a positively charged

particle, and a unit of matter
carrying positive charges. Electron
Cloud -

A neutron has no electrical charge. Protons + +

And a neutral unit of matter of +
Neutrons
About the same mass as the
proton. -
Electrons

Protons + Neutrons are often called NUCLEONS.

An electron is a negatively charged particle, an a unit of matter carrying negative

charges of electricity.
 ATOMS vs MOLECULES

Atoms can be defined as the While Molecules can be defined as the

building block of matter. It is the ultimate particle of a compound
smallest particle of element which substances, which are covalently
can enter into chemical change. tightly bonded.

Atoms of an Element Molecules of an Element Molecules of a Compound Mixtures of Elements and a

compound
 MOLECULES

A molecule that consist of 2 atoms

are known as DIATOMIC MOLECULE.

These are the most common

diatomic molecules:
Hydrogen (H2), Nitrogen (N2) ,
Fluorine (F2), Oxygen (O2), Iodine
(I2), Chlorine (Cl2) and Bromine (Br2).
 EVIDENCES OF MOLECULES

The molecules in liquids and gases are continually moving in a completely random way. This can be
seen when smoke molecules are viewed under a microscope. They move in a random zig-zag fashion
because they are being hit by invisible air molecules. This movement is known as Brownian motion.
 EVIDENCES OF MOLECULES

The gradual mixing of two or more different gases or liquids is called

DIFFUSION.

The mixing is caused by molecules of the different substances colliding

and intermingling. This is why you can smell perfumes (whose molecules
diffuse through the air) from some distance away.
 ALLOTROPES

A allotrope is a variant of a substance consisting of only one type of atom. Different bonding
arrangements between atoms results in different structures with different chemical and physical
properties.

For example, one allotrope of carbon, fullerene, is many times stronger and lighter than steel.

ALLOTROPES OF CARBON
 ISOTOPES
ISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN

In a given element, the number of neutrons can

be different from each other, while the number of
protons is not. These different versions of the
same element are called isotopes.

Isotopes are atoms with the same number of

protons but that have a different number of
neutrons. Since the atomic number is equal to the ISOTOPES OF CARBON
number of protons and the atomic mass is the
sum of protons and neutrons
 ISOTOPES

Isotope Mass (amu) Abundance (%)

C-12 12.000 98.89%
C-13 13.0034 1.11%

The mass contribution of each isotopes equals the atomic mass of an average carbon atom.

To calculate the mass contribution, multiply the atomic mass by the decimal form of the percentage
and add the 2 results.

c-12 12.0000 X 0.9889 = 11.87 amu

c-13 13.0034 X 0.0111 = 0.144 amu

therefore:
Average atomic mass of Carbon is 11.87 amu + 0.144 amu = 12.01 amu
 Chemical Symbols

Symbols of an element not only represents that

Element, it also represents one (1) atom of that
element.

Using First Letter Using First Two Using First Letter Using The Latin
of Name Letters of Name and Other Letter in Name
Name
C Carbon Al Aluminum As Arsenic Ag Silver (argentum)
H Hydrogen Br Bromine Cd Cadmium Au Gold (aurum)
I Iodine Ca Calcium Cl Chlorine Cu Copper (cuprum)
N Nitrogen Co Cobalt Cr Chromium Fe Iron (ferrum)
O Oxygen Ne Neon Mg Magnesium Na Sodium (natrium)
P Phosphorus Ni Nickel Mn Manganese Pb Lead (plumbum)
S Sulfur Si Silicon Zn Zinc Sn Tin (stannum)
Chemical Symbols Nuclide Symbols

A nuclide symbol is a
distinct symbol that gives both
the atomic number and mass
number of an isotope. From its
atomic number we can
determine the number of
protons, and from the mass
number, we can determine the
number of neutrons.
 ELEMENTS

Classifications of Elements

Metals - conducts heat and electricity

Non-Metals - doesn’t conducts heat and electricity well
Semi-Metals (Metalloids) - best electrical conductors
Noble Gases - stable gases , the Group 8A elements
 Chemical Symbols
The number of protons in
the nucleus of an
atom is called the
ATOMIC NUMBER.
This number
determines which

P
element the atom
belongs to. 15 protons = atomic number of 15

The total number of 31

protons and neutrons
in the nucleus of an
atom is called the 15 protons + 16 neutrons
ATOMIC MASS = atomic mass number of 31
NUMBER.
 Chemical Symbols

In relation to the chemical elements, a symbol is a code for a chemical element.

SUBSCRIPTS are used to indicate the relative numbers of atoms of each type in the compound, but
only if more than one atom of a given element is present.

In this formula for Aluminum Sulfate

Al2(SO4)3
The formula above indicates 2 atoms of aluminum (Al) for each 3 sulfates (SO4) group.
 ACTIVITY

Provide the correct answers: using the provided periodic table

Element Atomic Atomic Protons Electrons Neutrons

Number Mass
He 2 4 2 2 2
Na 11 23 11 11 12
Fe 26 56 26 26 30
I 53 127 53 53 74
K 19 39 19 19 20
Zn 30 65 30 30 35
 IONS (CHEMICAL NOTATION)

An ION is a particle that is made up of an atom or a group of atoms and that bears an electric charge.
A mono-atomic ion is formed from a single atom by the loss or gain of one or more electrons.

Useful equations for interpreting the charge of mono-atomic ion

(1) charge of ion = total positive charge + total negative charge
(2) charge of ion = total charge of protons + total charge of electrons
(3) charge of ion = number of protons – number of electrons

Example: 13 3+
What are the composition of this ion? Al
27

Solution: # of protons = atomic number = 13

# of neutrons = atomic mass number - atomic number = 27 - 13 = 14
number of electrons= total # of protons - charge of ion = 13 – (3+) = 10

thus this ion of aluminum contains 13 protons, 14 neutrons and 10 electrons

 IONS

Learners, before you learn the steps for writing a chemical formula, let’s learn first on how to determine
the charge on an ion. For the representative elements, the charge of the ion is related to the column or
group that the element is in.

•Group IA elements have only one valence electron, so when they lose that electron they will have a +1
charge. Example:
Na+ and K+

•Group IIA elements have two valence electrons. When they lose their two valence electrons they will have
a +2 charge. Example:
Mg2+ and Ba2+

•Group IIIA elements have three valence electrons. They lose their three electrons to form +3 ions.
•Example:
Al3+ and B3+
 IONS

•Group IVA elements are somewhat of an exception to the trend. Tin (SN) and lead (PB) can lose multiple
electrons to form differently charged ions. Carbon, silicon and germanium rarely form ions.

•Group VA elements have five valence electrons. Instead of losing these five electrons, Group VA
elements will gain three electrons to have a -3 charge. Example:
N3- and Ba3-

•Group VIA elements have six valence electrons and gain two electrons to have a -2 charge. Example:
O2- and S2-

•Group VIIA elements have seven electrons in their outer shell. These elements gain one electron to have a
-1 charge. Example:
Cl1- and Br1-
 IONS

Which comes first, the number of electrons or

charge sign?
For Nitrogen, it is part of Group VA and it has 5 valence
electrons (+5). Nitrogen then will gain 3 electrons. Thus, the
nitrogen ion should be written as:
3-
N
 CHEMICAL EQUATION
When iron powder and sulfur are heated together, iron combines with sulfur to form the
compound iron sulfide. This can be shown below
heat
Fe + S FeS

This process shows that heat is only applied or absorbs energy or only a rise of temperature:
heat
C12H22O11 12 C + 11 H2O

This process shows that it undergoes a combustion:

2 Mg + O2 2 MgO

In every chemical equation, it has the reactants , the symbols, the subscripts,
the coefficient, the process direction, and the products.
 MOLECULAR FORMULA

It is possible for atoms and molecules to combine with different types of atoms and molecules to
create a huge of different substances. Chemists give each type of molecules a CHEMICAL FORMULA.

This shows what atoms are

contained in what proportions.

STRUCTURAL FORMULA, shows

how the atoms are bonded
together.

-this is a water molecular model

 EMPIRICAL FORMULA

The molecular formula gives the actual atomic composition of the molecule, while the
empirical formula gives only the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in the compound.

Derive the empirical formula of the following compounds:

chemical/molecular molecular empirical

name formula formula

ethane C2H6 CH3

glucose C6H12O6 C3H6O3

propane C3H8 C3H8

cyclobutane C4H8 CH2

 REFLECTION

Can summarize
Let’s we apply the Dalton’s
Law of Conservation of Masson
atomic theory and this
process made to his
what are the corrections
theories.
RECAP

An ATOM is the smallest particle or unit of an element that can enter into a chemical combination.

John Dalton postulated atomic theories. His theories leads to the Laws of Chemistry: Law of Conservation of
Mass, Law of Definite Proportions (Law of Fixed Composition) and the Law of Multiple Proportions

NOT all atoms of any given elements are identical, such atoms are called ISOTOPES.

Atoms are made of basic particles. These are the protons (+ charged), electrons (- charged) and the neutrons
(no electrical charge). As model was developed, it was accepted that the center of the atom is called the
nucleus.

That atomic number is equivalent to the total number of protons, while atomic mass number is equivalent to
the total number of protons and neutrons.

An ION is a particle that is made up of an atom or a group of atoms and that bears an electric charge.
 QUIZ #3: EVALUATION

Isotope name atomic # atomic mass # # of protons # of neutrons # of electrons

Potassium-37

Oxygen-17

Uranium 235

Element atomic # atomic mass # # of protons # of neutrons # of electrons

Ge

Ti

Si
 QUIZ #3: EVALUATION

Isotope name atomic # atomic mass # # of protons # of neutrons # of electrons

Potassium-37 19 37 19 18 19
Oxygen-17 8 17 8 9 8
Uranium 235 92 235 92 143 92

Element atomic # atomic mass # # of protons # of neutrons # of electrons

Ge 32 73 32 41 32
Ti 22 48 22 26 22
Si 14 28 14 14 14
You could start really small...
- Particles of matter
- Atoms
- Molecules
- Macromolecules
- Cell organelles
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Systems
- Organisms
- Populations
- Ecosystems
- Biomes
- Planets
- Systems with Stars
- Galaxies
- The Universe
...And finish really big.
Thank You.
“I, a universe of atoms, an atom in the
universe.”
-Richard Feynman