Diabetes

describes a group of metabolic diseases in which the person has high

blood glucose (blood sugar), either because insulin production is
inadequate, or because the body's cells do not respond properly to
insulin, or both.
Sign & symtoms:
• polyuria (frequent urination)
• they will become increasingly thirsty (polydipsia)
• hungry (polyphagia)
• fatigue
• blurred vision
Diagnose
• numbness or tingling in the feet or hands
• Fasting plasma glucose (FPG)
• sores that do not heal test
• unexplained weight loss • A1C test
• High blood sugar > 180 g/dl • Random plasma glucose (RPG)
test
 Stroke
A stroke occurs when the supply of blood to the brain is either
interrupted or reduced. When this happens, the brain does not get
enough oxygen or nutrients, and brain cells start to die.

The main sign & symptoms of stroke are:

• confusion, including trouble with speaking and understanding
• a headache, possibly with altered consciousness or vomiting
• numbness or inability to move parts of the face, arm, or leg,
particularly on one side of the body
• vision problems in one or both eyes
• trouble walking, including dizziness and lack of co-ordination

Diagnose
Physical examination Carotid ultrasound
Blood tests Cerebral angiogram
Computerized tomography (CT) scan Echocardiogram
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
 Heart attack
A heart attack is often confused for a cardiac arrest. While they are both
medical emergencies, a heart attack is the blockage of an artery leading to
the heart, and a cardiac arrest involves the heart stopping the pumping of
blood around the body. A heart attack can lead to cardiac arrest.
Diagnosis
symptoms of a heart attack occurring: • ECG or electrocardiograph
• coughing • cardiac enzyme tests
• nausea • chest X-ray
• vomiting
• crushing chest pain Treatment
• dizziness You might receive clot-dissolving
• shortness of breath called dyspnea drugs (thrombolysis), balloon
• face seeming gray in color angioplasty, surgery, or a
combination of treatments.
• a feeling of terror that life is ending
About 36% of hospitals in the
• feeling awful, generally U.S. are equipped to use a
• restlessness procedure called percutaneous
• feeling clammy and sweaty coronary intervention (PCI), a
• shortness of breath mechanical means of treating
heart attack.
 Cancer
Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body.
Cancer develops when the body’s normal control mechanism stops
working. Old cells do not die and instead grow out of control, forming
new, abnormal cells. These extra cells may form a mass of tissue,
called a tumor. Some cancers, such as leukemia, do not form tumors.
Sign and symtoms
• Coughing-up blood
• Persistent headaches
• Unexplained loss of weight or appetite
• Chronic pain in bones
• Persistent fatigue, nausea, or vomiting
• Persistent low-grade fever, either constant or intermittent
• Repeated instances of infection
Diagnose
Lab Tests X-rays Treatment
CT Scan Biopsy Surgery
Nuclear scan Chemotherapy
Ultrasound Radiation therapy
MRI
 Hiv/aids
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is a syndrome caused by a virus called
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). The disease alters the immune system, making
people much more vulnerable to infections and diseases. This susceptibility worsens if
the syndrome progresses.

The symptoms of hiv Late symptoms

• fever blurred vision Treatment
• chills • diarrhea, which is usually • Emergency HIV pills
• joint pain persistent or chronic (post-exposure
• muscle aches • dry cough prophylaxis)
• sore throat • fever of above 100 °F (37 • Antiretroviral drugs
• sweats °C) lasting for weeks
(particularly at night) • night sweats Diagnose
• enlarged glands • permanent tiredness HIV blood tests and results
• a red rash • shortness of breath Diagnosis is made through a
• tiredness (dyspnea) blood test that screens
• weakness • swollen glands lasting for specifically for the virus. If
• unintentional weeks HIV has been found, the
weight loss • unintentional weight loss test result is "positive." The
• thrush • white spots on the tongue blood is re-tested several
or mouth times before a positive
result is given.
 Honesty
Honesty is important in all careers, but it is especially crucial for people
with nursing jobs, as they are frequently required to handle sensitive
materials, deal with patients in difficult situations and rely closely on their co-
workers. Unsurprisingly, many people consider nurses to have an inordinate
amount of integrity. In fact, according to a recent Gallup poll, nurses once
again earned the top spot in terms of professional honesty and ethical
standards.
 Thrustworthiness
Nurse educators have a responsibility to ensure
that nurses are equipped with the attitudes and
knowledge that are needed to establish trusting
nurse–patient relationships.
 Confidentialy
your role in safeguarding confidentiality extends to all forms of record management
including appropriate use of information technology and social media. But if that
needed for You might have to share confidential information if it is: required by law to
do so, to protect the patient's interests, to protect the interests of society, or to
protect the interests of other people. In these circumstances, you must only disclose
the minimum amount of information necessary to the appropriate person.
 accountability
• is understood as being able to give an account of one’s nursing and midwifery
judgements, actions and omissions. Accountability is about maintaining
competency and safeguarding quality patient care outcomes and standards of the
profession, while being answerable to those who are affected by one’s nursing or
midwifery practice.