Business Mathematics

Guillermo B. Bonghanoy
 Competencies
– Differentiate Mark-on, Mark down and Mark-up
– Illustrate how Mark-on, Mark-down, and Mark-up
are obtained
– Differentiate mark-up from margins
– Describe how gross margins is used in sales
– Illustrate how to compute single trade discounts
and discount series
 Competencies
– Differentiate profit from loss
– Illustrate how profit is obtained and how to avoid
loss in a given transaction
– Define break-even; illustrate how to determine
break-even point
– Solve problems involving buying and selling
products
 Competencies
– Illustrate how interest is computed specifically as
applied to
• mortgage,
• amortization,
• services/utilities and
• on deposits and loans
 Competencies
– Compute commissions on cash basis and
commission on installment basis
– Illustrate how to obtain down payment, gross
balance, and current increased balance
– Solve problems involving interests and
commissions
 Mark on
• Mark – on is the amount added to the original
cost of the goods to be sold.
• The new price is called, the tag price, or the
selling price
• The Mark – on therefore is the difference
between the selling price and the original cost
of the merchandise.
Examples
No. SP CG MO MOR

1. PHP 5,000 PHP 3,000

2. PHP 12,000 PHP 9,000

3. PHP 45,000 PHP 12,000

4. PHP 48,000 15%

5. PHP 125,000 30%

 Points to Ponder
There are times that businessmen
want to put a very high mark-on to
the merchandise. These happen
when the products they are selling
are moving fast and the level of
competition is low.
Do you think this is fair enough?
Share your insights to the class.
 Mark up
• Mark – up is the amount added to the cost
that already has a mark – on.
• The new price is called the new selling price
• Therefore, the mark – up is the difference
between the new selling price and the old
selling price.
Examples
NSP OSP MU MUR
PHP 15,000 PHP13,000

PHP 15,000 PHP 6,000

PHP 145,000 PHP 32,000

PHP 68,000 13.75%

PHP 325,000 23.54%

 Points to Ponder

Do you know that when businessmen

want to put an additional mark-up to
the merchandise they are selling,
this is called profiteering in
Australia?
What do you think of the profiteering
practices in the Philippines?
 Markdown
• Markdown is the process of reducing the
prices of commodity or goods so that it will
become saleable in the market.
• Markdown is the difference between the old
selling price and the reduced selling price.
Examples
OSP RSP MD MDR
PHP 15,000 PHP13,000

PHP 15,000 PHP 6,000

PHP 145,000 PHP 32,000

PHP 68,000 13.75%

PHP 325,000 23.54%

 Margins
• Margin is an amount of gross profit made
when an item is sold.

• Gross margin is the difference between what

an item costs and for what it sells.
Examples
RP CG MG MGR

PHP 5,000 PHP 4,000

PHP 11,000 PHP 9,000

PHP 45,000 PHP 8,000

PHP 42,000 18%

PHP 120,000 25%

 Discount Series
• When stores offer prices that are subjected to
several discounts, they are giving discount series.
• Discount series is the process of giving two or
more discounts at a given trade. The following
are illustrations of discount series:

• PHP 12,000.00 at 5%, 2.5%

• PHP 5,000.00 at 12%, 8%, 5%
 Single Rate Equivalent Method
• The single rate equivalent of the discount series is
determined by the formula:
r = 1 - [(1 - r1 )(1 - r2 )(1 - r3 )...(1 - rk )]
r1 = T h e firs t d is c o u n t
r2 = T h e s e c o n d d is c o u n t
r3 = T h e th ird d is c o u n t
rk = T h e k th d is c o u n t
Examples
• What is the total discount on an item that
costs PHP 30,000.00 at 10%, 5%?
N P1 = 3 0 0 0 0 (1 - .1 0 ) = 2 7 , 0 0 0
N P2 = 2 7 0 0 0 (1 - .0 5 ) = 2 5 , 6 5 0

TD = 3 0 0 0 0 [1 - [ (1 - .1 0 ) (1 - .0 5 ) ]
= 3 0 0 0 0 [1 - ( .9 0 ) ( .9 5 ) ]
= 3 0 0 0 0 ( .1 4 5 ) = 4 , 3 5 0
NP = 30000 - 4350 = 25, 650
 Profit
• Profit is defined as the difference between the
revenues or the sales and the operational
cost. When business earns profits, it has the
potential to grow in terms of scope. Many
businesses in the Philippines are earning much
profit because of its capacity and capability to
attract customers. Some have ventured into
more advertisements in order to attract
buyers.
 Profit
• Several studies had shown that companies
who ventured into better advertising schemes
had their businesses in the upfront.
 Profit
• When the difference of the revenues and the
operational costs is zero, then the business is in
a break – even.
• Break – even point is the amount where the
revenues or sales are equal to the operational
and other related costs.
• However, when the difference of the revenues
and the operational costs is negative, then the
business is at a loss.
 Points to Ponder
Today, more and more retail stores
are popping up like mushrooms in
order to generate better share in the
market. However, these business
activities are slowly killing the
concepts of little stores like the Sari
– Sari stores.
What do you think?
 Income Statement
Terms Components and Formula
Net Revenues (Sales) – Operating
Income Expenses
(Profit)  The revenues or sales are the once
earned by businesses in forms of
cash or credit. The expenses
incurred in the duration of the
business is called operating
expenses.
 Income Statement
Terms Components and Formula
Gross Net Sales – Cost of Goods Sold
Profit  The sales discounts, returns and the
allowances are deducted from the gross
sales in order to generate Net Sales.
o Cash discounts are given as gestures for
early payment or prompt payments of
accounts
o Sales returns are those goods that are
returned or sent back to the supplier due
to damages and the like.
 Income Statement
Terms Components and Formula
Gross Net Sales – Cost of Goods Sold
Profit o Sales allowance is reduced price of the
damaged goods that are kept by buyer
 The cost of goods sold is actually the cost
of the items being sold during its
acquisition.
 The process of determining the cost of
goods before the period of the business
activity is called the beginning inventory,
while the process of determining the cost
of goods at the end of the business activity
is called the ending inventory.
 Income Statement
Terms Components and Formula
Cost of Beginning Inventory + Purchases – Ending
Goods Sold Inventory
Net Profit Gross Profit – Operating Expenses
 Operating expenses is the expenses
incurred in the operation of the business.
 If the net profit is negative, then the
business is not earning. It just incurred a
loss.
 Name of Store
Income Statement
Period
Revenues
Gross Sales PPPPPPPPP
Less: Discounts, Returns and Sales PPPPPPPPP
Allowances
Net Sales PPPPPPPPP
Less: Cost of Goods Sold
Beginning Inventory PPPPPPPPP
Add: Purchases PPPPPPPPP
Goods available for Sale PPPPPPPPP
Ending Inventory PPPPPPPPP
Total Cost of Goods Sold PPPPPPPPP
Gross Profit From Sales PPPPPPPPP
Less: Operating Expenses
Salaries, Rents, Utilities, Miscellaneous PPPPPPPPP
Total Operating Expenses PPPPPPPPP
Net Income (Profit) PPPPPPPPP
Examples
• Prepare an income statement for Bong’s
Hardware for its second quarter of operations for
2015. The following are the available
information:
Revenues : PHP 289,000.00
Cost of Goods Sold : PHP 125,000.00
Operating Expenses : PHP 100,000.00
 Bong’s Hardware
Income Statement
For the Second Quarter Ended June 30, 2015
Revenues (Sales) 289,000.00
Less: Cost of Goods Sold 125,000.00
Gross Profit from Sales 164,000.00
Less: Operating Expenses 100,000.00
Net Income (Profit) 64,000.00
• Find the gross profit and the net income of El
Matador’s Grocery Shop for the Third Quarter of
the year 2015, with the following information:
Revenues : 900,000.00
Sales Returns, Discounts and
Allowances : 12,000.00
Beginning Inventory : 422,000.00
Purchases : 212,000.00
Ending Inventory : 189,000.00
Expenses :
Salaries : 156,000.00
Rentals : 13,000.00
Utilities : 15,000.00
Miscellaneous : 113,000.00
 El Matador’s Grocery Shop
Income Statement
For the Third Quarter Ended September 30, 2015
Gross Sales 900,000.00
Less: Discounts, Returns and 12,000.00
Sales Allowances
Net Sales 888,000.00
Cost of Goods Sold
Beginning Inventory 422,000.00
Add: Purchases 212,000.00
Goods available for Sale 634,000.00
Ending Inventory 189,000.00
Cost of Goods Sold 445,000.00
Gross Profit From Sales 443,000.00
 El Matador’s Grocery Shop
Income Statement
For the Third Quarter Ended September 30, 2015
Gross Profit From Sales 443,000.00
Operating Expenses
Salaries 156,000.00
Rents 13,000.00
Utilities 15,000.00
Miscellaneous 113,000.00
Total Operating Expenses 297,000.00
Net Income (Profit) 146,000.00
 Interest
In several business activities, a business entity or an
individual may lend money also to a businessman,
another individual or even an enterprise. Several
examples include the following:
– A government controlled corporation or a bank offering
mortgages on vehicles, and housing.
– A bank lends money to businessmen, the country or a
private individual.
– Micro – lending corporations offer lending series to small
groups of women, men or even sari – sari stores.
– A private individual offers financial lending to workers,
store owners or private employees.
 Interest
• In our study on basic mathematics, we learn about
interest. We had simple interests and the
compound interest.
• In our attempts to define interest in this part of the
book, we will put concentration on the activities
that involve mortgages, amortization of a loan,
payment of services and utilities, and deposits.
But what is interest? How do we define it from the
lender’s and the borrower’s perspectives?
 Interest
• For the lender’s perspective, interest is an
income from the money lent, while for the
borrowers perspective, interest is the cost
paid for the use of money.
 Mortgage
• Mortgage is a legal agreement that conveys the
conditional right of ownership on an asset or property
by its owner (the mortgagor) to a lender (the
mortgagee) as security for a loan. This means that a
mortgage is an instrument of a debt that is secured by
the collateral of a specified real estate property so
that the borrower can be obliged to pay back with a
predetermined set of payments.

• How do we compute for the interest of a mortgage?

 Mortgage
• Normally, we use the concepts of annuity (Amortization) in
scheduling a payment of a mortgage. There are several types of
annuities: The ordinary annuity, the annuity due and the deferred
annuity.
• The ordinary annuity is a type of annuity that is paid or received at
the end of the time period.
• The annuity due is a type of annuity that is paid or received at the
beginning of the time period.
• The deferred annuity is a type of annuity that is paid or received at
a later time period.

• In our examples, we shall utilize the ordinary annuity.

 1 - (1 + i ) - n �
�
A= R� �
� i �
Where:
A = Present Value of the Loan
R = Periodic Payment
r
i = ; r = interest rate;
m
m = the number of computations in a year
n= the number of paying periods (mt)
 • A house and lot loan is made so that a periodic payment
of PHP 48,000.00 per annum is to be made for 10 years.
If the interest of the loan is at 12% compounded
annually, find the present value of the loan.
G iv e n :
A = ?
R = 4 8 ,0 0 0 .0 0
r = 1 2 % = 0 .1 2 ; m = 1
0 .1 2
i = = 0 .1 2
1
n = 1 0 (1 ) = 1 0
- 10
�1 - ( 1 + 0 . 1 2 ) �
A = 48,000 � �
� 0 .1 2 �
A = 2 7 1, 2 1 0 .7 1
 Outstanding Periodic
Interest at Principal
Period Principal 12% Payment Repayments
1 271,210.71 32,545.29 48,000.00 15,454.71
2 255,756.00 30,690.72 48,000.00 17,309.28
3 238,446.71 28,613.61 48,000.00 19,386.39
4 219,060.32 26,287.24 48,000.00 21,712.76
5 197,347.56 23,681.71 48,000.00 24,318.29
6 173,029.27 20,763.51 48,000.00 27,236.49
7 145,792.78 17,495.13 48,000.00 30,504.87
8 115,287.91 13,834.55 48,000.00 34,165.45
9 81,122.46 9,734.70 48,000.00 38,265.30
10 42,857.16 5,142.86 48,000.00 42,857.14
Total 208,789.30 480,000.00 271,210.70
• This means that the payee of the loan will
have to pay PHP 480,000.00 for 10 years, and
the interest of the loan is 208,789.30.
• It is very observable that in doing mortgages
like this one, it is very normal that the first
payment of the mortgage will cover the
interest very highly at first then decreases
gradually, while the principal repayment
starts very lowly then increases gradually.
 • Mr. Realiz loaned PHP 32,000.00 from the SSS
which gives an annual interest rate of 12%
compounded monthly. The loan is payable
monthly within 2 years. How much will Mr. Realiz
pay for the loan every month?
G iv e n :
A = 3 2 ,0 0 0 .0 0 ;R = ? ;r = 1 2 % = 0 .1 2 ; m = 1 2
0 .1 2
i = = 0 . 0 1; n = 2 (1 2 ) = 2 4
12
� i �
R = A � -n �
� 1 - (1 + i ) �
� 0 .0 1 �
= 32, 000 � -24 �
� 1 - (1 + 0 . 0 1) �
R = 1, 5 0 6 . 3 5
 Outstanding Periodic
Interest at Principal
Period Principal 1% Payment Repayments
1 32,000.00 320.00 1,506.35 1,186.35
2 30,813.65 308.14 1,506.35 1,198.21
3 29,615.44 296.15 1,506.35 1,210.20
4 28,405.24 284.05 1,506.35 1,222.30
5 27,182.94 271.83 1,506.35 1,234.52
6 25,948.42 259.48 1,506.35 1,246.87
7 24,701.56 247.02 1,506.35 1,259.33
8 23,442.22 234.42 1,506.35 1,271.93
9 22,170.29 221.70 1,506.35 1,284.65
10 20,885.65 208.86 1,506.35 1,297.49
11 19,588.15 195.88 1,506.35 1,310.47
12 18,277.69 182.78 1,506.35 1,323.57
 Outstanding Periodic
Interest at Principal
Period Principal 1% Payment Repayments
13 16,954.11 169.54 1,506.35 1,336.81
14 15,617.30 156.17 1,506.35 1,350.18
15 14,267.13 142.67 1,506.35 1,363.68
16 12,903.45 129.03 1,506.35 1,377.32
17 11,526.13 115.26 1,506.35 1,391.09
18 10,135.04 101.35 1,506.35 1,405.00
19 8,730.04 87.30 1,506.35 1,419.05
20 7,310.99 73.11 1,506.35 1,433.24
21 5,877.75 58.78 1,506.35 1,447.57
22 4,430.18 44.30 1,506.35 1,462.05
23 2,968.13 29.68 1,506.35 1,476.67
24 1,491.47 14.91 1,506.35 1,491.47
Total 4,152.43 36,152.40 32,000.00
 Interest on Deposits
• When banks want to attract depositors, it
gives interest rates on deposits that are
lucrative but within its capacity. In most cases,
banks compute the interest of savings or
deposits quarterly. In the business activities,
we call this process, the sinking fund. It has
the formula:
 (1 + i ) - 1 �
� n
S = R� �
� i �
Where:
S = Final Amount
R = Periodic Payment
r
i = ; r = interest rate;
m
m = the number of computations in a year
n= the number of paying periods (mt)
 Examples
• Lea wants to become a millionaire in 10 years.
If she will invest in a bank that offers 2.4%
compounded annually, how much will she save
every year. Construct a sinking fund schedule.
G iv e n :
S = 1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 .0 0
R = ?
r = 2 .4 % = 0 .0 .2 4 ; m = 1
0 .0 2 4
i = = 0 .0 2 4
1
n = 1 0 (1) = 1 0
� i �
R = S � �
� (1 + i ) n
- 1 �
� 0 .0 2 4 �
= 1, 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 � �
� (1 + 0 .0 2 4 ) 24
- 1 �
R = 8 9 , 6 6 9 .1 4
 Ending
Initial Fund Interest Periodic Fund
No. at 0.024% Deposit
1 0.00 0.00 89,669.14 89,669.14
2 89,669.14 2,152.06 89,669.14 181,490.34
3 181,490.34 4,355.77 89,669.14 275,515.25
4 275,515.25 6,612.37 89,669.14 371,796.75
5 371,796.75 8,923.12 89,669.14 470,389.02
6 470,389.02 11,289.34 89,669.14 571,347.49
7 571,347.49 13,712.34 89,669.14 674,728.97
8 674,728.97 16,193.50 89,669.14 780,591.61
9 780,591.61 18,734.20 89,669.14 888,994.95
10 888,994.95 21,335.88 89,669.14 999,999.97
Total 103,308.56 896,691.40
What does this sinking fund table tell
us?
• The initial fund at the beginning of the
savings should always start at zero since
the initial deposit should not earn any
interest yet.
• The periodic deposit is the amount that
Lea should save every year.
What does this sinking fund table tell us?

• The ending fund is the total amount of

money that is earned with the
corresponding interest. In this case, it is
the sum of the previous amount, the
interest and the periodic deposit. In this
case, say after the second period,
89,669.14 + 2,152.06 + 89,669.14 =
181,490.34.
What does this sinking fund table tell us?

• The computation of the interest

commences on the term after the initial
deposit is made. In this case, after a
year.
• There is a rounding error of 0.03.
• As the deposited money earns interest,
the money saved is less than one million
pesos.
 Gross Balance
• Gross balance, also called book balance, is the term
used by banks in order to describe the amount of
money available before any adjustments have been
made for deposit in transit, checks that have not yet
been cleared, reserve requirements and interest
received from funds.
• Also, a book balance is a measure of what the bank
has on hand prior to adding or subtracting
regulatory obligations and items that will soon
appear on its books.
 Gross Balance
• If an item is on the books but has not yet
appeared on the bank statement (outstanding
checks, deposits in transit), the items are
entered as an adjustment to the balance per
bank statement. Outstanding checks are a
deduction to the balance per bank; deposits in
transit are an addition to the balance per
bank.
 Gross Balance
• If an item is on the bank statement but has not
yet been entered on the books, the items are
entered as an adjustment to the balance per
books. Bank service charges, check printing
charges, and other electronic deductions that
are not yet recorded on the books
are deductions from the cash balance on the
books. Electronic deposits not yet on the books
are added to the cash balance per books.
 Deposit in Transit
• A deposit in transit is cash and checks that
have been received and recorded by an entity,
but which have not yet been recorded in the
records of the bank where the funds are
deposited. If this occurs at month-end, the
deposit will not appear in the bank statement
issued by the bank, and so becomes a
reconciling item in the bank reconciliation
prepared by the entity.
 Deposit in Transit
• A deposit in transit occurs when a deposit
arrives at the bank too late for it to be
recorded that day, or if the entity mails the
deposit to the bank (in which case a mail float
of several days can cause an additional delay),
or the entity has not yet sent the deposit to
the bank at all.
 Deposit in Transit
• For example, on April 30, ABC Corporation receives a
check from a customer in the amount of $25,000. It
records the check as a cash receipt on the same day,
and deposits the check at its bank at the end of the day.
The bank does not record the check in its books until
the following day, May 1. Thus, when ABC's controller
completes the month-end bank reconciliation, she
should add $25,000 to the cash balance shown on the
bank statement in order to have it match the cash
balance shown in ABC's accounting records.
 Outstanding Check
An outstanding check is a check payment that
has been recorded by the issuing entity, but
which has not yet cleared its bank account as
a deduction from its cash balance. The
concept is used in the derivation of the
month-end bank reconciliation.
 Outstanding Check
There is typically a multi-day period between
when a check is created and when it is
presented for payment, which is caused by the
time required for the postal service to deliver
the check, as well as for the payee to deposit
it. The check may also be delayed if the issuing
entity puts off mailing the check for any
reason.
 Outstanding Check
If an outstanding check has not yet
cleared the bank by the end of the
month, it does not appear on the
month-end bank statement, and so
is a reconciling item in the month-
end bank reconciliation prepared
by the issuing entity.
 Outstanding Check
An outstanding check remains a liability of the
payor until such time as the payee presents the
check for payment, which then eliminates the
liability. If the payee never presents the check
for payment, the payor can mark the check as
void in its accounting system, which usually
marks the original account payable as unpaid,
and also increases the balance in the cash
account by the amount of the outstanding
check that is now being voided.
 Outstanding Check
A common problem for the payor is keeping sufficient
cash in a bank account to pay off all outstanding
checks, since a few residual checks may not be cashed
for a long time (as may be the case with, for example,
a rent deposit check or a bid bond). If the payor
assumes that an outstanding check will not be cashed
and therefore reduces the cash balance in the related
checking account, this puts the payor at risk of having
the check rejected whenever it is finally presented for
payment, due to a lack of funds.
 Example
Bonghanoy Company's cash account has a year-end
balance of PHP 30,530. Outstanding checks as of year-
end totaled PHP 2,050. Deposits in transit totaled PHP
5,340 at year-end. A Non Sufficient Fund (NSF) check
of PHP 500 is included in the year-end cash balance
on the books. The bank has deducted this amount on
the bank statement. The bank incorrectly recorded a
deposit as PHP 270 that was correctly recorded by
Bonghanoy Company as PHP 720.
 Example
Bonghanoy Company incorrectly recorded a check
disbursement on their books for PHP 350 that correctly
cleared the bank for PHP 325. The amount was originally
posted to Adverting Expense. The bank statement also
shows a service charge of PHP 35 on the account. The
bank collected on note on behalf of Bonghanoy Company
that included PHP3,000 in principal and PHP200 in
interest. This is included on the bank statement but is
not yet on the books of Bonghanoy Company. The
balance per the bank statement is PHP 29,480.
Cash per bank 29,480.00 Cash per book 30,530.00
statement
Plus: Plus: Note and
interest collections
Deposits in 5,340.00 by the 3,200.00
transit bank
Bank errors 450.00 Error on posting 25.00
check
Subtotal 35,270.00 33,755.00
Less: Less:
Outstanding 2,050.00 Non - sufficient 500.00
checks fund checks
Bank charges 35.00
Adjusted cash 33,220.00 Adjusted cash 33,220.00
balance balance
 Salaries and Wages
• According to the Oxford Dictionary (2015), salary is
defined to be the amount of money given to an
employee at the end of every fifteen days or a
month. This becomes a payment for the work done
during a particular duration of time. Government
workers, some teachers, and other professionals
are paid salaries every fifteenth day of work. In
some other countries, like Australia, there is this
called fortnight – a salary given every two – weeks.
 Salaries and Wages
• The term wage is a type of remuneration that is
given to an employee or a worker every hour or day
of work. The amount received depends upon the
hourly rate of the worker that is given by the
employer or equivalent to an employee’s
qualifications. Most construction workers, part-time
teachers and some contractual workers are paid
daily or weekly. In other countries, employees are
paid by the hour, though some will opt for a salary,
but this comes in a rare case.
 Salaries and Wages
• Both the salaries and the wages are
considered the income of employees.
 Benefits of a Wage Earner
Benefits Explanations
Thirteenth This is a mandatory benefit as provided
Month Pay by law. It is the sum of all earnings for
the year divided by 12. Usually given
at the end of the year but more
employers are giving the amount in two
schedules. That is, one – half in June
and the other half in December.
Employer It is an amount that the employer shares
Contributions to his or her employees for SSS
of SSS payments. Usually larger than the
employees share.
 Benefits of a Wage Earner
Benefits Explanations
Employer This is an amount shared by
Contributions employers to boost the savings of
of PAG – employees in PAG – IBIG. More
IBIG employers are also sharing 2% of the
employee’s monthly income.
Employer This is an amount paid by the
Contributions employers to equate the payment of
of PhilHealth the employees in PhilHealth.
 Benefits of a Wage Earner
Benefits Explanations
Optional A type of benefit that is given to
Hospitalization employees in order to aid him or
her in times of hospitalization.
Seniority Pay This is amount given to
employees for serving their
companies for more than 5
years.
Profit Sharing This is a benefit given by
employers as shares in the profit
of the organization.
 Benefits of a Wage Earner
Benefits Explanations
Non – This is a type of benefit that employees
Contributory get when they retire from service to the
Retirement company. The employers give their own
Package rules as to how the retirement package is
given.
Travel Fare This is a benefit that gives employees to
and Allowance travel as a reward for their loyalty to the
company.
Other Benefits The employee benefits that are not
mentioned in this table.
 Gross and Net Earnings
Gross Earnings are the sum of all incomes
during the salary payment period. It comprises
the fixed income and other earnings like
overtime pay, substitution, profit sharing,
incremental proceeds and the like.
Net Earnings on the other hand, is the total
amount received by an employee or a wage
earner after the deductions (mandatory and
non – mandatory) are made.
 Gross and Net Earnings
Formula in determining the net earnings of an
employee
Net Earning = Gross Earning – Total Deductions
Overtime
An employee who is required to work more than the 8-
hour working period is entitled to an overtime pay. The
overtime rates are found below:
Type of Overtime Computations
Work
On rest day or  For the first 8 hours
special public 130% (Hourly Rate)(Number of Hours
holiday of Work )
 In excess of the first 8 hours
169% (Hourly Rate)(Excess of 8 – Hour
Work)

Type of Overtime Work Computations

On a regular day  In excess of 8 hours
125% (Hourly Rate)(Number
of Hours of Overtime)
Type of Overtime Computations
Work
On regular holiday  For the first 8 hours
200% (Hourly Rate)
(Number of Hours of
Work )
 In excess of the first 8
hours
260% (Hourly Rate)
(Excess of 8 – Hour
Work)
Data Presentation - Tabular
Examples
Graphical Presentation
Graphical
Graphical
Graphical
Sales and Expenditures of MCG Corporations (2008 - 2012)

17.3
Figures in Millions

18
16
16 14.5
14
14
12
12

9.2 9.1
10 8.8

7.2 Sales (In Millions)

8
6.3

6
Expenditures (In Millions)

0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Year