Lecture 7

This lecture covers

Section 7.8: Dynamic Analysis
IS:1893-2002(Part I)
January 21, 2003

1
 Buildings (Section 7)
 Sub-sections
 Cl. 7.1: Regular and Irregular Configurations
 Cl. 7.2: Importance Factor I and Response Reduction Factor R
 Cl. 7.3: Design Imposed Loads for Earthquake Force Calculation
 Cl. 7.4: Seismic Weight
 Cl. 7.5: Design Lateral Force
 Cl. 7.6: Fundamental Natural Period
 Cl. 7.7: Distribution of Design Force
 Cl. 7.8: Dynamic Analysis
 Cl. 7.9: Torsion
 Cl. 7.10: Buildings with Soft Storey
 Cl. 7.11 Deformations
 Cl. 7.12 Miscellaneous
 This lecture covers sub-section 7.8

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003 Lecture 7 / Slide 2
 About This Lecture
 I will try to clarify this section wherever
possible.
 The intent is not to teach Structural Dynamics or
to teach how to carry out dynamic analysis of a
building.
 Interested persons may learn Structural Dynamics
from numerous excellent text books available on
this subject.

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003 Lecture 7 / Slide 3
 Requirement of Dynamic Anal. Cl. 7.8.1

Seismic Regular Irregular

Zone Building Buildings

II and III Ht > 90m Ht > 40m

IV and V Ht > 40m Ht > 12m

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003 Lecture 7 / Slide 4
 Requirement of Dynamic Anal. Cl. 7.8.1

 Notice wordings of section b) in Cl. 7.8.1

 All framed buildings higher than 12m….
 I am not sure why the word “framed” used here.
In my opinion, this word should be dropped.

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003 Lecture 7 / Slide 5
 Why Dynamic Analysis?
 Expressions for design load calculation (cl. 7.5.3)
and load distribution with height based on
assumptions
 Fundamental mode dominates the response
 Mass and stiffness distribution are evenly
distributed with building height
 Thus, giving regular mode shape

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003 Lecture 7 / Slide 6
 Why Dynamic Analysis? (contd…)

 In tall buildings, higher modes can be quite

significant.
 In irregular buildings, mode shapes may be
quite irregular
 Hence, for tall and irregular buildings, dynamic
analysis is recommended.
 Note that industrial buildings may have large
spans, large heights, and considerable
irregularities:
 These too will require dynamic analysis.

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003 Lecture 7 / Slide 7
 Lower Bound on Seismic Force (Cl. 7.8.2)

 This clause requires that in case dynamic

analysis gives lower design forces, these be
scaled up to the level of forces obtained based
on empirical T.
 Implies that empirical T is more reliable than T
computed by dynamic analysis
 This is indeed the intention.

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003 Lecture 7 / Slide 8
 Lower Bound on Seismic Force (Cl. 7.8.2) (contd…)

 There are considerable uncertainties in modeling

a building for dynamic analysis, e.g.,
 Stiffness contribution of non-structural elements
 Stiffness contribution of masonry infills
 Modulus of elasticity of concrete, masonry and
soil
 Moment of inertia of RC members
 Depending on how one models a building, there
can be a large variation in natural period.
 Ignoring the stiffness contribution of infill walls
itself can result in a natural period several times
higher
 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003 Lecture 7 / Slide 9
 Lower Bound on Seismic Force (Cl. 7.8.2) (contd…)

 Quote from NEHRP Commentary:

If one ignores the contribution of nonstructural
elements to the stiffness of the structure…the
calculated period is lengthened, leading to a
…decrease in the design force. Nonstructural
elements do not know that they are
nonstructural. They participate in the behaviour
or the structure even though the designer may
not rely on them for contributing any strength or
stiffness to the structure. To ignore them in
calculating the period is to err on the
unconservative side.

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003 Lecture 7 / Slide 10
 Lower Bound on Seismic Force (Cl. 7.8.2) (contd…)

 Empirical expressions for period

 Based on observations of actual as-built
buildings, and hence
 Are far more reliable than period from dynamic
analysis based on questionable assumptions
 Then, why dynamic analysis?
 Even when the results of dynamic analysis are
scaled up to design force based on empirical T:
 The load distribution with building height and to
different elements is based on dynamics.

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003 Lecture 7 / Slide 11
 Value of Damping Cl. 7.8.2.1
 Damping to be used
 Steel buildings: 2% of critical
 RC buildings: 5% of critical
 For masonry buildings? Not specified.
 I recommend 5%
 Implies that a steel building will be designed for
about 40% higher seismic force than a similar
RC building.
 I prefer that the code should specify 5%
damping for both steel and RC buildings.

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003 Lecture 7 / Slide 12
 Value of Damping Cl. 7.8.2.1 (contd…)

 How does one decide on the value of damping?

 Damping value depends on the material and the
level of vibrations
 Higher damping for stronger shaking
 Means that during the same earthquake,
damping will increase as the level of shaking
increases.
 We are performing a simple linear analysis, while
the real behaviour is non-linear.
 Hence, one fixed value of damping is used in our
analysis.

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003 Lecture 7 / Slide 13
 Value of Damping Cl. 7.8.2.1 (contd…)

 Choice of damping has implications on seismic

safety.
 Hence, damping value and design spectrum
level go together.
 Most codes tend to specify 5% damping for
buildings.
 What value of damping to be used in “static
procedure” of Cl. 7.5?
 Not specified. I recommend 5% be mentioned in
the code.

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003 Lecture 7 / Slide 14
 A Note on Static Procedure
 The procedure of Cl.7.5 to 7.7 does not require
dynamic analysis.
 Hence, this procedure is often termed as static
procedure or equivalent static procedure or
seismic coefficient method.
 However, notice that this procedure does
account for dynamics of the building in an
approximate manner
 Even though its applicability is limited to simple
buildings

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003 Lecture 7 / Slide 15
 Number of Modes Cl. 7.8.4.2
 Cl. 4.2.2.2 of old code required first three modes
to be considered.
 In some cases, that may not be sufficient.
 Hence, new code requires sufficient number of
modes so that at least 90% of the total seismic
mass is excited in each of the principal
directions.

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003 Lecture 7 / Slide 16
 Number of Modes Cl. 7.8.4.2 (contd…)
 There is a problem in wordings of this clause.
First sentence reads as:
 The number of modes to be used in the analysis
should be such that the sum total of modal
masses in all modes considered is at least 90
percent of the total seismic mass and missing
mass correction beyond 33 percent.
 The portion highlighted in red should be deleted.

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003 Lecture 7 / Slide 17
 Number of Modes Cl. 7.8.4.2 (contd…)

 Last sentence reads as:

 The effect of higher modes shall be included by
considering missing mass correction using well
established procedures
 It should read as:
 The effect of modes with natural frequency
beyond 33 Hz shall be included by….

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003 Lecture 7 / Slide 18
 Modal Combination Cl. 7.8.4.4
 This clause gives CQC method first and then
simpler method as an alternate.
 CQC is a fairly sophisticated method for modal
combination. It is applicable both when the
modes are well-separated and when the modes
are closely-spaced.
 Many computer programmes have CQC method
built in for modal combination.

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003 Lecture 7 / Slide 19
 Modal Combination Cl. 7.8.4.4 (contd…)

 There is a typographical error here. The

expression should be as follows:

8 2 (1   )  1.5
 ij 
(1   2 ) 2  4 2  (1   ) 2

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003 Lecture 7 / Slide 20
 Modal Combination Cl. 7.8.4.4 (contd…)

 Response Quantity could be any response

quantity of interest:
 Base shear, base moment, …
 Force resultant in a member, e.g.,
 Moment in a beam at a given location, Axial force in column,
etc.
 Deflection at a given location

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003 Lecture 7 / Slide 21
 Alternate Method to CQC
 Use SRSS (Square Root of Sum of Squares) if
the natural modes are not closely-spaced.

          ....
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4

 Use Absolute Sum for closely-spaced modes

  1  2  3  4  ...

 To appreciate the alternative method, consider

two examples.

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003 Lecture 7 / Slide 22
 Example 1 on Modal Combination:

 For first five modes of vibration, natural period/

natural frequency and maximum response are
given. Estimate the maximum response for the
structure.

Mode 1 2 3 4 5
Natural 0.95 0.35 0.20 0.14 0.11
Period
Natural 1.05 2.86 5.00 7.14 9.09
Frequency
Response 1100 350 230 150 120
Quantity

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003 Lecture 7 / Slide 23
 Example 1 on Modal Combination (contd…)

 All natural frequencies differ from each other by

more than 10%.
 As per Cl. 3.2, none of the modes are closely-
spaced modes.
 As per section a) in Cl. 7.8.4.4, we can use
Square Root of Sum of Squares (SRSS) method
to obtain resultant response as

 (1100) 2  (350) 2  (230) 2  (150) 2  (120) 2  1193

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003 Lecture 7 / Slide 24
 Example 2 on Modal Combination

 For first six modes of vibration, natural period/

natural frequency and maximum response are
given. Estimate the maximum response for the
structure.

Mode 1 2 3 4 5 6

Natural period 0.94 0.78 0.74 0.34 0.26 0.25

(sec)
Natural frequency 1.06 1.28 1.35 2.94 3.85 4.00
(Hz)
Response Quantity 850 230 190 200 90 80

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003 Lecture 7 / Slide 25
 Example 2 on Modal Combination (contd…)

 As per Cl. 3.2, modes 2 and 3 are closed spaced since

their natural frequencies are within 10% of the lower
frequency.
 Similarly, modes 5 and 6 are closely spaced.
 Combined response of modes 2 and 3 as per section b)
in Cl.7.8.4.4 = 230+190=420
 Combined response of modes 5 and 6 = 90 + 80 = 170
 Combined response of all the modes as per section a)
 (850) 2  (420) 2  (200) 2  (170) 2  984

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003 Lecture 7 / Slide 26
 Dynamic Analysis as per Cl. 7.8.4.5
 Old code gave some equations in Cl. 4.2.2 for
dynamic analysis.
 New code gives this method in a more
systematic manner in Cl.7.8.4.5
 The analysis procedure is valid when a building
can be modeled as a lumped mass model with
one degree of freedom per floor (see fig. next
slide)
 If the building has significant plan irregularity, it
requires three degrees of freedom per floor and
the procedure of Cl. 7.8.4.5 is not valid.

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003 Lecture 7 / Slide 27
 Lumped Mass Model for Cl. 7.8.4.5

X3(t)

X2(t)

X1(t)

 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003 Lecture 7 / Slide 28
 At the end of Lecture 7
 Dynamic analysis requires considerable skills.
 Just because the computer programme can
perform dynamic analysis: it is not sufficient.
 One needs to develop in-depth understanding of
dynamic analysis.
 There are approximate methods (such as
Rayleigh’s method, Dunkerley’s method) that
one should use to evaluate if the computer
results are right.
 It is not uncommon to confuse between the
units of mass and weight when performing
dynamic analysis.
 Leads to huge errors.
 Sudhir K. Jain, IIT Kanpur E-Course on IS:1893 / January 2003 Lecture 7 / Slide 29