07 Porosity and Lithology From Cross-Plots

Porosity and Lithology
from Cross-Plots
Porosity and Lithology from Cross-plots 1

Porosity and Lithology from Cross-Plot
One equation is not enough to solve a problem that has

two unknowns. Two linearly-independent equations are
required.
Likewise, one measurement is not enough to establish

both porosity and lithology.
By combining two independent measurements we have

a good chance of solving this two-unknowns problem.

Porosity and Lithology from Cross-Plot
We have discussed three different measurements that

are function of porosity and lithology:
1. Density
2. Neutron “porosity”
3. Sonic
This gives us three possible combinations:

1. Density – Neutron
2. Density – Sonic
3. Neutron – Sonic

Density-Sonic Cross-Plot
Limestone
Formation Density (g/cc)
Quartz Sandstone
Dolomite
t, Sonic Transit Time (S/ft) Chart CP-7

Limestone
Dolomite
Quartz Sandstone
Lithology lines are close together;

Porosity values are offset.
t, Sonic Transit Time (S/ft)

Chart CP-7
This cross-plot has poor resolution in lithology (lines are

close together).
It has poor resolution in porosity (porosity values on

different lithology lines are quite offset).
It is never used in practice.

Neutron-Sonic Cross-Plot
Quartz Sandstone
t, Sonic Transit Time (S/ft)
Calcite (Limestone)
Dolomite
Neutron Porosity (Limestone Units) Chart CP-2c

Neutron-Sonic Cross-Plot
This cross-plot has good resolution in lithology (lines are

far apart).
It has good resolution in porosity.
However, it depends on which porosity transform is used.
In addition, the sonic log is not recorded routinely in all

wells, and until fairly recently was not combined with the
nuclear string.
This cross-plot is seldom used in practice.

Neutron-Density Cross-Plot
Formation Density (g/cc) Quartz Sandstone
Calcite (Limestone)
Dolomite
Neutron Porosity (Limestone Units) Chart CP-1e

This cross-plot has good resolution in lithology and in

porosity.
The neutron and density logs have routinely been

recorded in combination for over thirty years. Both logs
are recorded in virtually all reservoir sections.
This cross-plot is the basis of all shaly-sand interpretation

methods.
This is the cross-plot of choice, which is used for all log

interpretations.

Gas, Light Hydrocarbon

Clean Sandstone
Shaly Sandstone Shale, Clay

Post the following points (from a Tunu log) on a

Neutron-Density cross-plot (Chart CP-1e). Comment
on their probable lithology and fluid content.
A B C1 C2 D
Density
2.65 2.20 2.50 2.50 2.28
(g/cc)
Neutron Porosity
25 6 12 12 18
(Porosity Units)
Gamma Ray
120 20 15 45 20
(API Units)

B
C
A

Post the following points from the SDL/DSN/GR log

recorded in well TN-H11 on September 18, 2003, on
Chart CP-1e, and comment on their probable lithology
and fluid content.
Point Number Depth
1 4329.5
2 4324.0
3 4439.0
4 4440.0
5 4473.5

Post the following points from the SDL/DSN/GR log
recorded in well TN-H11 on September 18, 2003, on
Chart CP-1e, and comment on their probable lithology
and fluid content.
Point Depth Density Neutron

1 4329.5 2.30 15
2 4324.0 2.64 20
3 4439.0 2.45 14
4 4440.0 2.50 12
5 4473.5 2.05 27

5

Density-Neutron Log Overlay
The density and neutron porosity logs are displayed on

so-called limestone compatible scales. What does this
mean?
The neutron porosity log is scaled from 0.60 to 0.00

(60 to 0 p.u.), left to right. It is always displayed in
limestone units.
What should the density scale be, so that a zero p.u.

limestone plots at the right end, and a 60 p.u.
limestone plots at the left end? Assume calcite density
of 2.70 g/cc and fluid density of 1.0 g/cc.

The density and neutron porosity logs are displayed on

so-called limestone compatible scales. What does this
mean?
The neutron porosity log is scaled from 0.60 to 0.00

(60 to 0 p.u.), left to right. It is always displayed in
limestone units.
What should the density scale be, so that a zero p.u.

limestone plots at the right end, and a 60 p.u.
limestone plots at the left end? Assume calcite density
of 2.70 g/cc and fluid density of 1.0 g/cc.
1.68 g/cc to 2.70 g/cc


In areas where carbonates and evaporites may be

encountered, the scales are shifted by 15 p.u. and
0.25 g/cc towards the left. On a two-track display, zero
porosity is now in the center of the right-hand track.
Density Scale: 1.95 to 2.95 g/cc
Neutron Scale: 45 to –15 p.u.

20 p.u. Water-Bearing Limestone
Density Porosity (Limestone Units)

20
20

20 p.u. Water-Bearing Limestone

20 p.u. Water-Bearing Sandstone

23
15

20 p.u. Water-Bearing Sandstone

20 p.u. Gas-Bearing Sandstone

27

20 p.u. Gas-Bearing Sandstone

Typical Shale

2.65 g/cc 3
25

Typical Shale

Porosity and Lithology from Cross-Plots
What about the Pef measurement?
We said earlier that it is a good lithology indicator.
Can we use it with other logs to derive porosity and

lithology?

Density vs. Photoelectric Factor
Chart CP-16
Density vs. Photoelectric Factor
19 p.u. Sandstone
2.34 g/cc
1.62
Chart CP-16
Complex Mineral Mixtures
So far we have only considered two-mineral

mixtures, for instance sand-shale.
Could we solve for porosity and three different
minerals (four unknowns)?
We need four equations.
One of them is easy: porosity and the three
mineral fractions add up to one:
 + vm1 + vm2 + vm3 = 1

Complex Mineral Mixtures
For the other three, we will use density, neutron

porosity and photoelectric factor, Pef.
For values to mix linearly in terms of volume
fractions, we must replace the photoelectric
factor, Pef, by a new variable, U, the volumetric
photoelectric factor:
U = Pef  b

Volumetric Photoelectric Factor
Calcite (Limestone):
b = 2.71 and Pef = 5.1, then U = 13.8

Dolomite (Dolostone):
b = 2.87 and Pef = 3.1, then U = 8.9

Quartz (Sandstone):
b = 2.65 and Pef = 1.8, then U = 4.8

Example of Complex Lithology
Density RHOB = 2.44 g/cc

Neutron Porosity: TNPH = 16 p.u.
Photoelectric Factor: Pef = 2.6 b/e
What is the lithology?

Neutron – Density Porosity and Lithology
2.44 g/cc 16 p.u. Limestone?
16 p.u.
Chart CP-1e
Pef – Density Porosity and Lithology
2.44 g/cc
2.6
Chart CP-16
Complex Lithology
Water
Density
Porosity
Q
Neutron Porosity
Photoelectric Factor

Lithology Identification Plot
Quartz
Apparent Matrix Density
Calcite
Dolomite
Apparent Matrix Volumetric

Photoelectric Factor

Computation of Apparent Matrix Density
Rholog = Phi Rhofl + (1– Phi) Rhoma
Rholog – Phi Rhofl

Rhomaa =
1– Phi
Alternately, Chart CP-14 can be used.

Computation of Apparent Matrix Density
2.44 g/cc
Rhomaa = 2.71 g/cc Chart CP-14

Computation of Apparent Matrix U
Ulog = Phi Ufl + (1– Phi) Uma
Ulog – Phi Ufl PelogRholog – Phi Ufl

Umaa = =
1– Phi 1– Phi
Uf = 0.398 barns/cm3 (fresh water)

1.36 barns/cm3 (salt water)
Alternately, Chart CP-20 can be used.

Computation of Apparent Matrix U
2.44 g/cc
2.6 7.5
Chart CP-20
2.71
7.5
Chart CP-21
Chart MIPDSN-II-8
Calcite fraction: 20 or 40 percent?
Chart CP-21

Chart CP-21

Additional Exercise
Tunu TN-P16, sand at 4500 meters

Density RHOB = 2.34 g/cc
Neutron Porosity: TNPH = 11 p.u.
Photoelectric Factor: Pef = 2.3 b/e
What is the lithology?

Neutron – Density Porosity and Lithology
2.34 g/cc 22 p.u.

17 p.u.
11 p.u.
Chart CP-1e
Apparent Matrix Density
2.34 g/cc
Chart CP-14
Porosity and Lithology from Cross-plots Rhomaa = 2.62 g/cc 50
Apparent Matrix U
2.34 g/cc
6.4
2.3
Chart CP-20
2.62
6.4
Chart CP-21

07 Porosity and Lithology From Cross-Plots

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07 Porosity and Lithology From Cross-Plots

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Porosity and Lithology

Porosity and Lithology from Cross-plots 1

One equation is not enough to solve a problem that has

Likewise, one measurement is not enough to establish

By combining two independent measurements we have

Porosity and Lithology from Cross-plots 2

We have discussed three different measurements that

This gives us three possible combinations:

Porosity and Lithology from Cross-plots 3

Formation Density (g/cc)

t, Sonic Transit Time (S/ft) Chart CP-7

Lithology lines are close together;

t, Sonic Transit Time (S/ft)

This cross-plot has poor resolution in lithology (lines are

It has poor resolution in porosity (porosity values on

It is never used in practice.

Porosity and Lithology from Cross-plots 6

t, Sonic Transit Time (S/ft)

Neutron Porosity (Limestone Units) Chart CP-2c

This cross-plot has good resolution in lithology (lines are

It has good resolution in porosity.

However, it depends on which porosity transform is used.

In addition, the sonic log is not recorded routinely in all

This cross-plot is seldom used in practice.

Porosity and Lithology from Cross-plots 8

Formation Density (g/cc) Quartz Sandstone

Neutron Porosity (Limestone Units) Chart CP-1e

This cross-plot has good resolution in lithology and in

The neutron and density logs have routinely been

This cross-plot is the basis of all shaly-sand interpretation

This is the cross-plot of choice, which is used for all log

Porosity and Lithology from Cross-plots 10

Gas, Light Hydrocarbon

Shaly Sandstone Shale, Clay

Neutron Porosity (Limestone Units) Chart CP-1e

Post the following points (from a Tunu log) on a

Porosity and Lithology from Cross-plots 12

Neutron Porosity (Limestone Units) Chart CP-1e

Post the following points from the SDL/DSN/GR log

Porosity and Lithology from Cross-plots 14

Point Depth Density Neutron

Porosity and Lithology from Cross-plots 15

Neutron Porosity (Limestone Units) Chart CP-1e

The density and neutron porosity logs are displayed on

The neutron porosity log is scaled from 0.60 to 0.00

What should the density scale be, so that a zero p.u.

Porosity and Lithology from Cross-plots 17

The density and neutron porosity logs are displayed on

The neutron porosity log is scaled from 0.60 to 0.00

What should the density scale be, so that a zero p.u.

1.68 g/cc to 2.70 g/cc

Porosity and Lithology from Cross-plots 19

In areas where carbonates and evaporites may be

Density Scale: 1.95 to 2.95 g/cc

Neutron Scale: 45 to –15 p.u.

Porosity and Lithology from Cross-plots 20

Density Porosity (Limestone Units)

Neutron Porosity (Limestone Units) Chart CP-1e

Porosity and Lithology from Cross-plots 22

Density Porosity (Limestone Units)

Neutron Porosity (Limestone Units) Chart CP-1e

Porosity and Lithology from Cross-plots 24

Density Porosity (Limestone Units)

Neutron Porosity (Limestone Units) Chart CP-1e