ARTS

UNIT 1
WESTERN CLASSICAL
ART
Traditions
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this module, learners are expected to:
 Analyze
Determine arttheelements and principles
effectiveness of artworks in the by
production
evaluating its of work following
utilization and style
combinationof Ancient of art
(Pre-historic
elements andand Egyptian Art), classical Art (Greek
principles
 Apply
 and different
Use Roman
artworks mediato Art),
deriveandMedieval
techniques the tradition/
processes Art
history
to communicate (Byzantine,
ideas,of an art
experience,
and stories showing the characteristics of western Classical art traditions
Romanesque,
 period
Gothic)
Evaluate works of art in terms of artistic concepts and ideas using criteria from the
 Western
Identify
Compare distinct
the
Classical characteristics
characteristics
art tradition of arts produced
of artworks during the in
 Show the influence of Western Classical art tradition to Philippine art form
 different
the different
Mount artusing
an exhibit periods
artcomputed
periods Western Classical art traditions
 Identify
Create artworks representative
guided by artists from various
techniques and styles art
periods
from different art periods
 Describe
Reflect onthe and derive the
influence of mood,
ionic
idea,
artistsorbelonging
message emanating to Westernfrom
the selectedartartworks
Classical on the evolution of
art forms
2
PRE-HISTORIC ERA
• Pre-historic includes all human existence
before the emergence of writing. Their art is
of interest not only to the art historians but
also to archeologist and anthropologist, for
whom the art is only one clue – along with
fossils, pollens, and other finds to an
understanding of early human life and
culture.
3
PAINTINGS FROM THE PRE-
HISTORIC ERA
• Their paintings were found inside the caves which

may have been their way of communicating with
each other. It may also be for religious or
ceremonial purposes.
These paintings may be more an artifact of the
archeological evidence than a true picture of
humans’ first created art.
Prehistoric drawings of
animals were usually correct in
proportion
4
Cave of Lascaux, 1
5000-10000 B.C. – Stone Age Image from
Treasures of the World, 1961 CCP Library
http://laboriechic.com/wp-content/gallery/lascaux/lascauxbulls.jpg
• The dominant features in the painting were large

animals native in the region. It was discovered on
September 12, 1940 and given statutory historic
moment protection. The painting has nearly 2,000
figures composed mainly animals, human figures,
and abstract design.
PAINTINGS FROM
THE PRE-
5
HISTORIC ERA
Cave of Lascaux, 1
http://donsmaps.com/lascaux.html
Map of Lascaux
cave. This is a
superb illustration
from Norbert
Aujoulat, (1946 -
13th April 2011),
the giant of
Lascaux Cave,
who spent a huge
amount of time
analysing and
researching
Lascaux cave and
its art.
6
SOME SECTIONS
HAVE BEEN
IDENTIFIED INSIDE
THE CAVE SUCH:
PAINTINGS FROM
THE PRE-
7
HISTORIC ERA
1. The Great Hall of the Bulls http://donsmaps.com/lascaux.html
1. Black horse's head, 2. Unicorn, 3. Frieze of the black horses, 4.

Head of the first bull, 5. Great red and black horse, 6. Second bull, 7.
Brown horse, 8. Frieze of the Small Stags, 9. Third bull, 10. Red cow,
11. Fourth bull, 12. Black horse in the forequarters
of the fourth bull, 13. Small black stag, 14. Polychrome headless
horse, 15. Bear, 16. Fifth bull, 17. Red cow followed by
PAINTINGS FROM
her calf, 18. Head of a bull THE PRE-
8
HISTORIC ERA
2. The Shaft of the Dead man http://donsmaps.com/lascaux.html
Beside
This
The two theofpanel
is one ofstitched
the most
photographs the man
studied killed
and
together by about
argued
show the
that bison,
paintings
either is this
the in
apparently
Lascaux.
same unrelated
artistItused image
is indifferent
what of a wooly
istechniques
known rhinoceros,
asforthe
theWell, or which
the or
two panels, isthea superbly
Shaft, and is
panels
realized
reached
are portrait
by
separated of adown
climbing
by time dangerous
and animal.
a ladder
creator. Thefrom The six black
the Apse.
rhinoceros is done in a more
Theunknown
dots are style,
realistic of main
with scene includes
outlines.a disemboweled bison, a man with a
significance.
thicker
bird's head who appears to have been felled by the bison,
a spear, and a bird on a pole. PAINTINGS FROM
THE PRE-
9
HISTORIC ERA
3. The Chamber Of Felines http://donsmaps.com/lascaux.html
The end of the Chamber of Felines. Note the six red dots high
on the left wall, which may indicate the end of the chamber, in
a similar way to the black dots of the Shaft.
PAINTINGS FROM
THE PRE-
10
HISTORIC ERA
3. The Chamber of Engravings
http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/photo/detail-of-the-engravings-in-the-central-high-res-stock-photography/479639749
PAINTINGS FROM
THE PRE-
11
HISTORIC ERA
PAINTINGS FROM ANCIENT
EGYPT
• The purpose of Egyptian paintings is to make
the deceased afterlife place pleasant. With
this in mind, themes include journey to the
underworld introducing the deceased to the
gods of the underworld by their protective
deities.
It emphasizes the importance of life after
death and the preservation of the knowledge
of the past.
12
• Most of the paintings were highly stylized,
symbolic, and shows profile view of an animal or
a person. The main colors used were red, black,
blue, gold, and green derived from mineral
pigments that can withstand strong sunlight
without fading.
http://www.crystalinks.
com/egyptfarming3.jpg
PAINTINGS FROM
13
ANCIENT EGYPT
• The paintings of the walls on the tomb show
events of the life of the king while he was still on
the earth and the scenes he expects to encounter
in the underworld after his death.
https://s-media-cache-
ak0.pinimg.com/736x/d4
/8b/02/d48b0280d1ccf0a
005d7cb7cfd001d05.jpg
Paintings from Sarcophagus of

Tutankhamen XVIII Dynasty PAINTINGS FROM
14
ANCIENT EGYPT
PAINTINGS FROM CLASSICAL
GREEK ERA
• Paintings during the classical era were most
commonly found in vases, panels, and tomb.
They depict natural figures with dynamic
compositions. Most of the subjects were
battle scenes, mythological figures, and
everyday scenes. They reveal a grasp of linear
perspective and naturalist representation.
15
Most common methods of Greek painting:
1. Fresco – method of painting water-based
pigments on a freshly applied plaster usually on
a wall surfaces. Colors are made from ground
powder pigments mixed in pure water, dried,
and set with plaster to become a permanent part
of the wall. Ideal for murals, durable, and has
matte style.
PAINTINGS FROM
16 ERA
CLASSICAL GREEK
Most common methods of Greek painting
(Cont…):
2. Encaustic – developed by Greek ship
builders, who used hot wax to fill the cracks of
the ship. Pigments (colors) were added and used
too paint wax hull.
PAINTINGS FROM
17 ERA
CLASSICAL GREEK
Vase painting
Judgement of Paris
(370-330 B.C.)
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi
a/commons/5/5e/Judgement_Paris_G
etty_Villa_83.AE.10.jpg
Kerch Style also referred to as Kerch Vases

are red, figured pottery named after the place
where it was found.
PAINTINGS FROM
18 ERA
CLASSICAL GREEK
Shapes commonly found are:
1. Pelike 2. Lekanis
(wine container) (A low bowl with two
http://www.christies.com/lotfinderim horizontal handles)
ages/d56278/an_apulian_red- http://www.royalathena.com/media/
figured_pelike_attributed_to_t Greek/Vases/SouthIt/PM1310C.jpg
he_hoppin_painter_circa_3_d5
627832h.jpg
PAINTINGS FROM
19 ERA
CLASSICAL GREEK
Shapes commonly found are (Cont…):
3. Lebes Gamikos 4. Krater

(with high handles and lid use (bowl use for mixing wine
to carry bridal bath) and water)
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/images/hb/ http://dukemagazine.duke.edu/issues/05
hb_17.46.2.jpg 0611/images/050611_depgal_1.jpg
PAINTINGS FROM
20 ERA
CLASSICAL GREEK
Most common motifs were mostly scenes from the
life of women (often exaggeratedly idyllic),
mythological beings that were popular among the
people of the black sea, or a scene from a mythical
story or event. It used a technique call
polycromy, a combination of different colors
especially the brilliant ones in an artistic manner.
PAINTINGS FROM
21 ERA
CLASSICAL GREEK
PANEL PAITING
• They are paintings on flat panels of wood.
It can be either a small, single-pieced or
several panels joined together. Most of the
panel paintings no longer exist because of
their organic composition.
PANEL PAINTING
22
• The earliest known panel painting is the:
Pitsa Panel
(Archaic Period between 540 and 530 B.C.E)
https://figures.boundless.com/13500/large/alsacrifice-corinth-6c-bce.jpe
PANEL PAINTING
23
TOMB/ WALL PAINTING
• It was very popular during the classical
period. It uses the method frescos in either
tempera (water-based) or encaustic (wax).
It has a sharp, flatly outlined style of
painting and because it uses water-based
materials.
TOMB/ WALL
24
PAINTING
• The image was painted using a true fresco
technique with a limestone mortar. It depicts a
symposium scene on the wall.
Tomb of the Diver

(Paestrum 480 BCE)
https://podcastltu.files.wordpress.com/
2014/09/tomb-diver.jpg?w=519
In tomb painting, artists rely

on the shade and hues of paint to
create depth and life-like feeling.
TOMB/ WALL
25
PAINTING
PAINTINGS FROM THE ROMAN
ERA
• Most of the paintings in this era were copied
or imitated from Hellenic Greek paintings.
Fresco technique was used in brightly colored
backgrounds; division of the wall into a
multiple rectangular areas (tic-tac-toe design);
multi-point perspective; and a tropme-l’-oeil
effect.
26
PAINTINGS FROM THE ROMAN
ERA (Cont…)
• Roman paintings have a wide variety of
subjects, animals, everyday life, still life,
mythological subjects, potraits, and
landscape.
• The development of landscape painting is
the main innovation of roman painting from
Greek painting.
27
MOSAIC
• It is an art process where an image is created

using an assemblage of small pieces of colored
glass, stones, or other materials.
This technique is used for
decorative art or interior decorations.
PAINTING FROM
28
ROMANTIC ERA
The full image is a
roman floor mosaic in
the House of Fun
Pompei, dated 100 B.C.
The whole mosaic
depicts the battle
between the armies of
Alexander the Great and
Darius III of Persia.
Head of Alexander
http://www.hackneys.com/alex_web/graphics/alx
mecu.jpg
PAINTING FROM
29
ROMANTIC ERA
Fresco from the Villa of Mysteries
ak0.pinimg.com/236x/c1/1e/f9/c11ef91719fbc724c13f9cbcbed9c8
53.jpg
PAINTING FROM
30
ROMANTIC ERA
This fresco painting was
believed to depict a
ceremonial rite, either
marriage or an initiation
of a woman in a mystery
cult.
Boscotrecase, Pompeii
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-B-
btGN9xcMI/TgTLNFfKMsI/AAAAAAAAVTE/lWs
qVq-FcZk/s1600/00%252520000.JPG
PAINTING FROM
31
ROMANTIC ERA
BYZANTINE PAINTING
• The lively styles of paintings which had
been invented in Greek and Rome lived in
Byzantium but this time for Christian
subjects.
• By the 11th century the Greek and Oriental
styles seem to blend together in
magnificent, imposing images, which
adorned the churches in large
and small forms.
32
The Court of Empress
Theodora, mosaic
6th century AD San Vitale, Ravena
http://empresstheodoraandretinue.weebly.co
m/uploads/1/7/7/3/17735347/3368609.jpg?6
84 BYZANTINE
33
PAINTING
Theodora was an
Asian Queen with dark
eyes and hair with
fierce expression.
http://www.thenagain.info/WebChr
on/EastEurope/Theodora.gif
BYZANTINE
34
PAINTING
ROMANESQUE PAINTING
• These are largely placed mosaics on the
walls of the churches that follow a strict
frontal pose.
35
Christ in Majesty
Painting from the Church of
Saint Clemente, tahull Lerida
Spain, c. 1123 Musue acional
d’Art de Catalunya,
Barcelona
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/usao.edu-
files/images/Christ%20in%20Majesty,%20detail%20of%20apse
%20painting%20from%20the%20Church%20of%20San%20Cle
mente,%20Tahull,%20Lerida,%20Spain,%20c%201123.jpg
ROMANESQUE
36
Church of Saint Clemente PAINTING
• Each
It
Thisalso
Christ side
has shows
mural
wearsof athe
traces
remarkablecenter
painting of
greyish,
window
Mozarabic
variety
has
white been are
robe three
ofmoved
with influence
aarches
artistic
to
blue
resting
(Arabizeon
traditions
Barcelona
mantle. columns
influence)
such
Underneath as
and of
the
capitals
through by
modeling
replaced
Mandorla elongated
in(Italian
agreen,
replica.oval
red,
and
word
and “almond”,
faces,
black
treatment
for largein
ofstaring
between
face eyes
and
used of
to
the
and long
figures
draperies
describe noses,
thatofenclosure
an figures
Virgin
follow
Mary
againstand flat
Byzantine
surroundingg five saints
colored
convention are
holy
columns
bands in the
while
figures and
of painting
vertical,
heavy
refreshingly is
wavy
outlining.
blackline
adecorative patterns.
band withfeeling
white
comes from southern
writing.
French Styles.
ROMANESQUE
37
PAINTING
PAINTINGS FROM THE GOTHIC
ERA
• Paintings have been confined in the
illumination of manuscript pages and the
painting of frescoes on the wall of churches
in cosmopolitan style, elegant mannered,
and sophisticated.
38
Lady and the
Unicorn Tapestry
1506-1513
http://www.historyofpainters.com/unicorn.JPG
• Subjects usually depict popular legends and

love stories. Pattern like mille fleur
or thousand flowers show influence
which may have been due to the
crusades. PAINTINGS FROM
39
THE GOTHIC ERA
Rose Window from the
North Transcept
about 1230
https://enthusiastical.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/dsc016
59de.jpg
• Stained glass windows were created to

transform the vast stone interiors with
warm and glowing color and at the
time to instruct Christians in their
faith. PAINTINGS FROM
40
THE GOTHIC ERA
The Shepherd David
13th Century, Gothic
Manuscript Illustration
ak0.pinimg.com/236x/86/08/7b/86087b76fa056
86359008bd881f87994.jpg
• The painting shows some realistic

details and naïve naturalism
PAINTINGS FROM
41
THE GOTHIC ERA
SCULPTURES
FROM THE
EARLY AGE
42
PRE-HISTORIC SCULPTURES
 Materials used in sculptures vary
according to region and locality.
Archeologists believed that their
sculpture is a result of natural erosion
and not human artistry.
43
Venus of Willendorf
28, 000 B.C.E. – 25, 000 B.C.E.
http://anthropology.msu.edu/anp203h-fs13/files/2013/11/venus-of-willendorf.jpg
 It is carved from limestone

with excessively heavy
breast and abdomen used as
charm to ensure fertility
44
Venus of Brassempouy
25, 000 years old
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Venus_of_Brassempouy.png
 A sculpture of a lady with the hood. It is a fragmentary

ivory figurine from the Upper Paleolithic
era that realistically represents the
human face and hairstyle 45
SCULPTURES FROM THE
EGYTIAN ERA
 Symbolic elements such as forms,
hieroglyphics, relative size, location, materials,
color, actions, and gestures were widely used.
Their tombs required the most extensive use of
sculpture.
 The most common materials used for

sculptures are wood, ivory, and stones.
46
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
SCULPTURES:
1.
3. Symbolisms
Most of the timewere gods were
heavily
shown
usedlarger
to
than
represent
humans, the the
gods.kings
They larger
were represented
that their
followers,
as composite
the dead
creature
larger with
than animals
the living.
heads
4. on
Empty
human spaces
bodies.
were filled with figures or
2.
hieroglyphics
Relief compositions were arranged in
5. horizontal
All individual
lines to components
record and event
wereor all
to
brought
represent
to the
an action
plane of representation and
laid out like writing.
47
Queen Nefertiti,
painted limestone
18th Dynasty, 1375-1357 BC
http://faculty.etsu.edu/kortumr/03egypt/htmdescriptionpage
s/08nefertitidesc.jpg
• Realistic, with heavy lidded eyes, slender neck,

determined chin, and pure profile under her heavy
crown
• Queen, refers to the Great Royal wife
the Egyptian Pharoah 48
The Pharoah Menkaure
and his Queen, stone
4th Dynasty, 2548-2530 B.C.E
https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/368/flashcards/2815
368/jpg/menkaure___queen_from_his_valley_temple-
14BC14507384801B6D1.jpg
• An example of portraits presented in rigid postures,

and were simple and powerful with very little show of
private emotion
49
SCULPTURES FROM
THE
CLASSICAL PERIOD
50
Greek Sculptures
 Early Greek sculptures were tensed and

stiff, their bodies were hidden within
enfolding robes. After three centuries of
experiments, Greek sculptures had finally
evolved and showed all the points of human
anatomy and proportion
51
Greek Sculptures (Cont…)
 One of the most popular styles of the Greek

Sculptures was the Hellenistic style.
Hellenistic denotes a preference in sculpture
for more elaborated patterns, mannered
arrangement of figures and groups, and an
emphasis on the representation of movement
for dramatic effects.
52
Myron; The Discobolus
450 BC
http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/images-sculptures/myron-disc-thrower.jpg
• Shows an attitude of maximum

tension, full of compressed energy
and about to explode an action
53
Roman Sculptures
 Most Roman sculptures are made of

monumental terra-cotta. They did not
attempt to compete with the free standing
Greek works of history or mythology but
rather they produced reliefs in the Great
Roman triumphal columns with continuous
narrative reliefs around.
54
The Portonaccio
Sarcophagus
Between 180-190 BCE
http://ancientrome.ru/art/artwork/sculp/rom/head
stone/sc0164.jpg
• Used for battle

It depicts the burial ofbetween
scenes Roman Romans
General and
involved in the
Germans
campaign of Marcus Aurellius
• Carved
The bestinknown
Marbleand most elaborate of all sarcophagus (It
is a box-like funeral receptacle for a dead body. Comes
from a Greek word sarx meaning “flesh”
and phagen meaning “to eat”)
55
Sarcophagus,
from cerveteri, c.
520 BCE
https://www.khanacademy.org/h
umanities/ancient-art-
civilizations/etruscan/a/sarcopha
gus-of-the-spouses-rome
 Made of Terra Cotta

 Length 6’7” (2.06m)
 A husband and wife shown reclining
comfortably, as if they were on
a couch 56
Byzantine Sculptures
 The dominant themes in Byzantine sculptures
are religious, everyday life scenes, and motifs
from nature.
 Animals were used as symbols (dove, deer,
peafowl) while some had acrostic signs (form
of writing in which a message in formed by
taking the first letter, syllable, or word of
different lines and putting them together) that
contained a great
theological significance. 57
The Barnerini Diptych
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Diptych_Barberini
_Louvre_OA9063_whole.jpg
 An early example
of Byzantine Ivory
work
58
Romanesque Sculptures
 Some of the famous sculptural pieces are
reliquaries, altar frontals, crucifixes, and
devotional images. Small individual works of
art were generally made of costly materials
for royal aristocratic patrons. These
lightweight devotional images were usually
carried during procession both inside and
outside the churches.
59
Last
Judgement
http://loki.stockton.edu/~fergus
oc/LESSON5/autun.JPG
 Tymapnum (an architectural element within the arch or

pediment) of the west portal, Cathedral
of Saint-lazare, Autun Burgundy France,
c. 1120 – 35 by Gislebertus 60
Cathedral of Saint-lazare, Autun Burgundy France
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/d9/23/95/d923952f3d75166937f32d0fd0310a45.jpg
http://kenney-
mencher.com/pic_old/romanesque_gothic/St_Lazare_Autun_W_portal_giselbertus_general_c1130CE.jpg
61
Gothic Sculptures
 Have a greater freedom of style. They no
longer lay closely against the wall, but begun
to project outward. Figures were given their
on particular attitudes instead of being set
into particular patterns and are more lively
and realistic.
62
Resurrection of the Virgin
End of the 12th century Cathedral Amiens
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-
MTws_U91C5g/U50t3_MpNZI/AAAAAAAAy14/1dW3htS8gYM/s1600/D467.jpg
63
ARCHITECTURE
FROM THE
EARLY AGE
64
Pre-Historic Architecture
 Man
Megalithic monuments
has developed haveofalways
a form ignited
architectural
man’s
based imagination.
megaliths (a They provided
big rock) fromplenty
the
of legends
Greek wordand (“stone”) During
superstitions.
lithos and megasthis
(“big”).
era, stones andarchitecture
This rocks wereisassociated with
made of huge
divinity.
stone blocks which were probably intended
for burial.
65
Three Main Types of
Megalith Stones
66
Menhir
https://http://www.prehistory.it/ftp/prot
o-storia/archeo-
astr_sarda/images/allineamento_menhi
r_goni.jpg
A huge stone standing vertically

on the ground, usually standing in
the middle of the field or arranged
in rows 67
Dolmens
http://www.britam.org/codes/ireland-
dolmen.jpg
The word dolmen originated from the expression taol

maen, which means “stone table”. These structures are in a
form of table consisting two huge standin stones
supporting a horizontal giant stone. It is believed that
it served as grave or as an altar.
68
Cromlech
http://static.panoramio.com/photos/lar
e/42380378.jpg
A Brythonic word where crom means “bent” or “curved”

and llech which means “slab” or “flagstones”. Literally it
is a circle of standing stones.
69
Stonehenge
2HhrCpeYv9U/VR68YPiqtCI/AAAAAAAAAAU/BwJo
9kQO__o/s1600/Mysterious-Stonehenge-in-United-
Kingdom-5.jpg
Best preserved
The structure and the
megalithic site in
movement of the sun
Europe, a group of
in the sky have a
stones arranged in
connection in terms of
concentric circles, with
identifying the change
a large external circle of triliths (Greek word
of the seasons
meaning “three which helped
stones”), the primitive
two internal circles man
built on
in
their rituals
a similar and onand
manner their agricultural
altar-shaped practices.
stone in the
center. It is a temple where rituals were held.
70
EGYPTIAN
ARCHITECTURE
- This architectural style was
developed during the pre-dynastic
period 4, 000 BC.
71
CHARACTERISTICS OF
EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
4. The
1. Temples
structure
were has
aligned
thick with
sloping
astronomically
walls with
significant
few openings
eventstolike
obtain
solstices
stability
(comes from the
2. Theword
Latin exterior
Sol,and interior“sun”
meaning walls and
alongstitium
with
meaning “stoppage”,
columns and piers as thewere
sun appears
coveredto stand
with
stillhieroglyphics
on the first dayand of pictorial
winter) frescoes
with precise
and
measurements
carvings painted
required
in brilliant
in determining
colors the
3. Ornamentations
moment of that particular
were event.
symbolic including
scarab (sacred beetle), solar disk, vulture,
and common motifs (palm leaves, buds,
flowers of lotus, and papyrus plants. 72
Pyramids of Giza
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/co
mmons/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jp
g
http://transmissionsmedia.com/wp-
content/uploads/2012/09/The-Great-
Pyramid-of-Giza.jpg
• The most substantial ancient structures of the

world 73
• The three pyramids are the funerary structures of
the kings of the fourth dynasty (2575 to 2465 BC)
namely:
Khafre
(Chepren)
Menkaura
(Mycerinus) Khufu
(Cheops)
• Khufu (Cheops) whom the Great Pyramid was attributed to;

Khafre (Chepren) whom the pyramid next to the Great
Pyramid attributed; and the smallest is attributed to Menkaura
74
(Mycerinus)
http://www.etltravel.com/wiki/Pyramids/data1/images/giza_pyramids_complex.jpg
• These pyramids were made highly confusing

and with many tunnels to create confusion for
grave robbers
75
Egyptian Temples
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Pyramide_Djedkare_Isesi_3.jpg
• They
Their were
wallsbuilt
weretocovered
serve as
with
places
scenes
of residence
that were for
carved
the
gods.
onto the
They
stone
alsothen
served
brightly
as key
painted.
centers
Pharaoh
for economic
fighting
activity.
in the battles
Ancient
and performing
temples wererituals
made
with of
the perishable
gods were
materials
the sceneslike wood,
found reedwalls.
on the matting, and mud brick. 76
Mastaba
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Mastaba-faraoun-3.jpg
vShPwXuuCYU/UehuJBWLq1I/AAAAAAAAHaI/2aZW5y6V9pk/s1600/The+mastaba+tombs+A.jpg
• It is a type of Egyptian tomb in the form of a flat-

roofed, rectangular structure with outward sloping
sides. It was made of mud-bricks or stones 77
Doric Ionic Corinthian
• Temples consisted of a central shrine or room in

an aisle surrounded by rows of columns. 78
The Parthenon
447-432 BC, Athens
http://photos1.blogger.com/b
logger/3727/2476/1600/Parth
enon-Restoration-Nov-2005-
a.jpg
• The Greatest Classical temple, ingeniously engineered to

correct an optical illusion. The columns were slightly
contorted, swollen at the center and leaning inward to
correct what would otherwise have been an impression of
deadness and top heaviness 79
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
 They built sturdy stone structures both for

use and to perpetuate their glory
 The emperors erected huge halls and arenas

for public games, baths, and procession
 They built them of gigantic arches of stone,

bricks and concrete, or with barrel vaults
80
The Colosseum
AD 70-82, Rome
http://media.web.britannica.com/eb-
media/07/60907-004-20791AB5.jpg
http://xfilexplore.com/wp-
content/uploads/2011/07/Colosseum.jp
81
BYZANTINE
ARCHITECTURE
 It has a lot in common with the early
Christian architecture. Mosaic decoration
was perfected by the Byzantines, as was the
use of clerestory to bring light in from high
windows. Byzatine’s advancement in
developing the dome created a new style in
global architecture.
82
Hagia Sophia
Istanbul, 537 BC
http://www.thegatewaypundit.com/wp-
content/uploads/hagia-sophia.jpg
http://www.teslasociety.com/pictures/Roman%20
Empire%20Images/RomanEmpire2.jpg
www.sacred-destinations.com 83
Hagia Sophia (Cont…)
Istanbul, 537 BC
 Hagia Sofia means “Holy Wisdom”. It narrates how a

magnificent construction transformed from being a
church, into a mosque and what is now known as the
Hagia Sophia Museum. One of the biggest domes
ever created with 108 feet in diameter. 84
ROMANSQUE
ARCHITECTURE
 The doorways of Romanesque’s churches

are often grand sculptured portals. Wood and
metal doors are surrounded by elaborate
stone sculptures arranged in zoned to fit
architectural elements
85
The Groin-Vaulted Crypt
of Worcester Cathedral
ak0.pinimg.com/736x/9d/9c/6b/9d9c6b06d309678
ac67ac48f4a430548.jpg
86
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
 This design included two devices: pointed

arch which enabled builders to construct
much higher ceiling vaults and stone
vaulting borne on a network of stone ribs
supported by piers and clustered pillars
87
Cathedral of Charters
Also known as the Notre Dame
Cathedral
http://europeantrips.org/wp-
content/uploads/2012/05/Notre-Dame-de-Paris-
1.jpg
88
Unit II
ARTS OF THE
RENAISSANCE
BAROQUE
PERIOD
89
OBJECTIVES:
At the
theendendof of
thisthis
module you are
module youexpected to:
are expected to
 Analyze art elements and principles in the
(Cont...):
 Describe
production
Determine
Evaluate the the
ofinfluences
works work
effectiveness
of artfollowing
ofin iconsof belonging
terms artworks
theof style by
of
to
artistic
evaluatingand
Renaissance
concepts itsand
and
utilization
Baroque
Baroque
ideas and
usingArts
artcombination
on the from
criteria evolution
of the
art
 Renaissance
Identify
elements
of art forms
distinct
andand principles
characteristics
Baroque off arts during
traditions
 Show
the Renaissance
Use
Apply artworks
different tomedia
the influencesand
derive
Baroque
techniques
ofthethetraditions/history
Periods
and processes
Renaissance of
and
 Baroque
aIdentify
toRenaissance
communicate
representative
andideas,
art traditionsBaroque
toartists
experiences
periods
from Renaissance
Philippine and
art stories
forms
 showing
Periods
Compare
Mount anthe the
characteristics
exhibit characteristics
of Renaissance
using completed ofRenaissance
artworks
and
 andReflect
produced
Baroque on
Baroqueart
inand
traditions
Renaissance
artderive the and
traditions mood Baroque
idea orPeriods
message
 Create artworks
emanating from guided by artworks
selected techniques
andthe
of styles of Renaissance
Renaissance and and Baroque
Baroque
art traditions
Periods 90
RENAISSANCE PERIOD (1400-1600)
• Architecture
Renaissance
Renaissance
The Renaissance artwas
during
waswas the
characterized
aperiod
thisperiod period
ofby
ofeconomic
accurate
was
artistic
progress. The
anatomy,
characterized
experimentation. scientific
by
period
its symmetry
stirred
perspective,
It brought enthusiasm
man andinto
balance
and for
a fulldeeper
the
view
• As
study
landscape
just like the
of the
ancient
Classical
human philosophy
Greeks
figure in and believed
Greek artistic
Art values
in the
•Italian
• Renaissance
harmonious
Renaissance
Renaissance
development
painters
art marks began
theoftransition
depicted
the
in person
the oflate 14th
real-life
through
Europe
acentury.
fromsound
figures mind,
Itand
Medievalwas their
by anthe
Period sculptures
era
practice
to of
the great
were
of athletics,
early artistic
naturalistic
modern and
the
age.
intellectual
Renaissance
In portraits
many parts ofachievement
held
human upbeings
of Europe, theEarly
with
idealRenaissance
the
of thebirthwell-of
art
•secular
rounded
was Architecture
art.
man,
created The
in knowledgeable
during
focuswith
parallel was this on
Latein Medieval
period
arealistic
numberwas andof
art.
humanistic
fields
Bycharacterized
1500,such
theartRenaissance
asby philosophy,
its symmetry and
science,
style prevailed balancearts,
• Theincluding
greatestpainting
cathedral music – and
and building of thewho
applies
age washis
theknowledge
rebuilding to of St. Peter’s
productive
Basilica in and
Rome creative activity 91
FAMOUS RENAISSANCE
ARTWORKS AND ARTIST
92
1. Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti
Simoni (1475-1564)
• He was an Italian sculptor,
painter, architect, and poet.
• He was considered the greatest
living artist in his lifetime, and
ever since then he was
considered as one of the greatest
artists of all time
http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-
media/46/75046-004-E437D9A2.jpg
• A number of his works in
paintings, sculpture, and
architecture rank among the
famous existence 93
Michelangelo’s Outstanding Works
David
Pieta DyingBacchus
Slave Dusk and
Moses
Dawn
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ http://www.wga.hu/art/m/michelan/1sculptu/
http://www.museumsinflorence.com/foto http://imgc.allpostersimages.com/images/P- http://www.wga.hu/art/m/michelan/1sculptu/medici/
http://s.hswstatic.com/gif/michelangelo-
commons/5/5e/Michelangelo's_Piet%C3
/Accademia/images/dmbig.jpg giulio_2/slave5.jpg
473-488- 2lorenz6.jpg
sculptures-16.jpg
90/53/5327/NH9YG00Z/posters/michelangelo-
%A0_Saint_Peter's_Basilica_Vatican_C bacchus.jpg
ity.jpg
94
Michelangelo’s Outstanding Works
• Two of his best known works, The Pieta and

David, were sculpted before he turned thirty
• Western art: the scenes from the Genesis on the
ceiling and the Last Judgment on the altar wall of
the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Last Judgment 95
http://www.wga.hu/art/m/michelan/3s
istina/lastjudg/00lastju.jpg
2. Leonardo di ser Piero Da Vinci
(1452-1519)
• He iswas
widely considered
a painter, to be
architect,
one of theand
scientist, greatest painters of
mathematician
• all
He time and perhapsinthe
was popularized most
present
diversely talented
times through personand
the novel to
have
movie, “Dalived
ever Vinci Code”
• He is also known as the
ultimate “Renaissance man”
because of his intellect,
ak0.pinimg.com/236x/0c/5d/51/0c5d510
ff616d064f8304546baee513e.jpg
interest, talent and his expression of humanist

and classical values
96
Da Vinci’s Well
Known Works
97
1. The Last Supper
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Leonardo_da_Vinci
_-_Last_Supper_(copy)_-_WGA12732.jpg
• The most reproduced religious painting

of all time 98
2. Mona Lisa
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mona_Lisa,_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci,_from_C2R
MF_retouched.jpg/687px-Mona_Lisa,_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci,_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg
• The most famous and most parodied portrait 99

Da Vinci’s Other Works:
Vitruvian Man The Adoration of Virgin of the Rocks

https://jjemmott.files.wordpress.com/2013/
04/leonardo-da-vinci-vitruvian-man.jpg the Magi http://www.italianrenaissance.org/wp-
content/uploads/2013/05/Leonardo-Virgin-Rocks-
http://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/32572 detail.png
100
• Mona Lisa stems from a description by
renaissance art historian Giorgio Vasari,
• who
This came “Leonardo
wroteMadonna and its contractionto
Undertook
Mona.for
paint TheFrancesco
title of thedelpainting,
Giocondothough
the
traditionally
portrait of Mona spelled “Mona”,
Lisa, his wife. is also
•commonly
Mona, inspelled
Italian,inismodern
a politeItalian
form asof
“Monna
addressLisa”
originating as Madonna -
similar to Ma’am, “madamme”, or
“My Lady” in English
101
3. Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino
(1452-1519)
• He
Together
was anwith Michelangelo
Italian painter and
and Leonardo
architect of datheVinci,High he
formed the traditional
Renaissance Period trinity
• of
Hisgreat
workmasters of that period
was admired for its
• His main
clarity of contributions
form and ease to art
of
were his unique
composition anddraftsmanship
for its visual
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
and composition skills
achievement of the
commons/f/f6/Raffaello_Sanzio.jpg
interpreting the Divine and
incorporating Christian
doctrines
102
Raffaello’ s Famous Works:
The Sistine The School of The

Madonna Athens Transfiguration
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/RAFAEL_- http://mv.vatican.va/1_CommonFiles/z- http://totallyhistory.com/wp-
_Madonna_Sixtina_(Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_Alter_Meister,_Dresd
e,_1513-14._%C3%93leo_sobre_lienzo,_265_x_196_cm).jpg patrons/Restorations/Restorations_01.jpg content/uploads/2012/07/Transfiguration_Raphael
.jpg 103
• Commissioned
The Transfiguration Giulio Raphael’s
by Cardinal was de Medici,
the
lastlate Pope Clement
painting VII, he
on which the worked
painting was
on
•conceived
The painting exemplifiesfor Raphael’s
as an altarpiece Narbonne
up to his
Cathedral
death
development
in Franceas an artist and the
culmination of his career
• The subject is combined with an
additional episode from the Gospel in the
lower part of the painting
Cardinal Giulio Pope Clement Narbonne

de Medici VII
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Portrait_of_
Cathedral 104
http://www.learn.columbia.edu/ma/images/related/large/ma_dm_nar
https://c2.staticflickr.com/8/7207/6979530859_d5b5129da1.jpg
Giulio_de_Medici_(1478_-_1534)_Pope_Clement_VII.jpgg bonne_just_past-01.jpg
4. Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi
(Donatello) (1452-1519)
• He was one of the Italian great

artists of the period
• He was an early Renaissance
Italian sculptor from Florence
https://www.thinglink.com/scene/61452
4554810753024
105
He is known for his work in bas-relief, a
form of shallow relief sculpture. His works
included the following statues and relief:
Equestrian Monument
ofDavid
Gattamelata
The Feast of Herod
Prophet
Statue of St.Habacuc
George
https://o.quizlet.com/-sJySu58Brj.74xIrbwjFA_m.jpg
http://www.fonderiamarinelli.it/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/david-
https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/431/flashcards/4848431/jpg/donatello_feast_of_herod_from_siena_font
donatello-cropped.jpg _c_1423-27-1425cccc19c46494f28-1501EED701F52DA4FE6.jpg http://imgc.allpostersimages.com/images/P-473-488-
106
https://lifeandmasterpiece.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/donatello-st-george-
90/29/2994/7ATQD00Z/posters/donatello-the-prophet-habakkuk.jpg
1417.jpg
Renaissance art is the art of calm and
beauty. Its creations
At the time are perfect
it was created, – first
it was the they
reveal
knownnothing forced or inhibited,
free-standing nude uneasy
statue
orproduced
agitated.since
Each formtime.
ancient has been born
easily, free, and complete. Everything
breathes satisfaction, and we are surely not
mistaken in seeing in this heavenly calm
and content the highest artistic expression
and spirit of that age.
107
BAROQUE ART (1600-1800)
••The
•After
•Although
•Baroque
The Roman
the
Baroque
wasidealism
always
a Catholic
period
wasofconflicts
of
derived
Renaissance,
Church
artisticwith
styles
from
highly
and
the
inthe
Portuguese
the
simple,
exaggerated
encouraged
slightly
clear,forced
the
word
motion,
and
Baroque
nature
geometric
barocco of “mannerism”,
drama,
style tension,
which
to
concepts
propagate
means
and
of
“irregularly
Baroque
classicism,
grandeur.
Christianityart
The
the
above
while
shaped
styles
Baroque
allstarted
thereflects
pearl
existed instone”.
aristocracy
inorRome,
the tensions
varying
Italy,
used It
describes
of
degrees
and
Baroque
the
spread
age
style
aofto
fairly
most
notably
intensity,
forcomplex
architecture
of Europe
theform
idiom
desire
and
aandof
simple
arts
focuses
the
to
on painting,
Catholic
animated
impress visitors,
Church
movement sculptures,
in
express
Rome
of lines
triumph,
to reassert
and
as surfaces,
well
power,
itselfas
architecture.
in
to
andathe
control.
rich
wake
and of dynamic
the Protestant
wealth Reformation
which is almost the same with Catholic
Reformation Art of the period
108
BAROQUE ART (CONT…)
•Baroque painting illustrated key elements
of Catholic dogma, either directly in Biblical
works or indirectly in imaginary or symbolic
work. The gestures are broader than
Mannerist gestures: less ambiguous, less
arcane, and mysterious.
109
•Baroque sculpture, typically larger than
life size, is marked by a similar sense of
dynamic movement, along with an active use
of space
110
•Baroque architecture was designed to
create spectacle and illusion. Thus the
straight lines of the Renaissance were
replaced with flowing curves
111
FAMOUS BAROQUE
ARTWORKS AND ARTIST
112
1. Michelangelo Merisi or Amerighi da
Caravaggio (1571-1610)
• He was better known as Caravaggio
•• He was an
Studies of Italian
single artist
figureswho wanted
followed,
to
butdeviate
they are from classical
clumsier thanmasters
the fruitof
the Renaissance
which giver their savor of originality
• He was an outcast in his society,
and charm
• because of hismodels
Caravaggio’s own actions
at thisand the
period
lack
were of modesty
either himselfand reverence
or young for
persons
religious
who have an subjects in his
air of being own
promising
http://ksean.com/blog/wp- paintings
but wicked
content/uploads/2011/11/carravagio_hiRe
z1.jpg • Perhaps he started out a specialist in
his paintings of still life, especially of
fruits 113
Caravaggio’s Famous Paintings:
Supper at Emmaus Conversion of St. Paul

http://www.wga.hu/art/c/caravagg/06/35emmau.jpg https://i0.wp.com/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Co
nversion_on_the_Way_to_Damascus-Caravaggio_%28c.1600-
Entombment of Christ 1%29.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Caravaggio_-_La_Deposizione_di_Cristo.jpg
114
2. Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680)
• He was an Italian artist and the first

Baroque artist
• He practiced architecture and
sculpture, painting, stage design,
and was also a playwright
• He was also the last in the list of
the dazzling universal geniuses
• As a prodigy , his first artworks
date from his 8th birthday
http://ksean.com/blog/wp-
content/uploads/2011/11/carravagio_hiRe
z1.jpg
115
Bernini’ s Early Works:
The Goat Amalthea with the

Blessed Soul Damned
Infant Jupiter and a Faun Soul
http://scalr-9465-us-east-
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Bernini-
https://alaintruong2014.files.wordpress.com/2014/11/284.jpg
1.s3.amazonaws.com/images/PHOTO_18260361.jpg
goat_with_infants.JPG
116
Bernini’ s Works:
• He made a sculpture of David

for Cardinal Borghese which
is strikingly different from
Michelangelo’s David because
it shows the difference
between Renaissance and
Baroque periods
Cardinal Borghese
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/O
ttavio_Leoni_Retrato_del_cardenal_Scipione_Borghese,_
Ajaccio_Museo_Fesch.jpg
David
https://arthistoryoftheday.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/bernin
i-david1.jpg
117
Bernini’ s Works:
• He was the greatest Baroque sculptor and architect as
seen in his design of the Piazza San Pietro in from
of the Basilica. It is one of his innovative and successful
architectural designs
http://www.bedandbreakfastostiaantica.it/sito/wp-
content/uploads/piazza-san-pietro.jpg
118
http://www.tesoridiroma.net/galleria/stampe_antiche_roma/sanpietro_stampa12.jpg
Bernini’ s Works:
Colonade of the Piazza of St.

Peter’s Rome
https://c1.staticflickr.com/5/4077/4806411855_2eb1428bb3_b.jpg
Ecstasy of St. Teresa 119
https://c1.staticflickr.com/5/4077/4806411855_2eb1428bb3_b.jpg
3. Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640)
• He was a Flemish Baroque painter

• He was well known for his
paintings of mythical and figurative
subjects, landscapes, portraits, and
Counter-Reformation altarpieces
• His commissioned works were
mostly religious subjects, history
paintings of magical creatures, and
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/c hunt scenes
ommons/a/a7/Sir_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-
_Portrait_of_the_Artist_-
_Google_Art_Project.jpg
120
Ruben’ s Famous Works:
Landscape with a Tower

https://i.ytimg.com/vi/3i2zjgs20lQ/maxresdefault.jpg
Samson
Portrait and Delilah
of Helene Fourment The Three Graces
http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/upload/img/rubens-samson- http://www.wga.hu/art/r/rubens/23mythol/55mythol.jpg
http://uploads3.wikiart.org/images/peter-paul-rubens/helena-fourment.jpg
delilah-NG6461-fm.jpg
121
4. Rembrant Harmenzoon van Rijn
(1606-1669)
• He was a brilliant Dutch realist,
painter, and etcher
•• No
He isartist has painted
generally himself
considered as oneas
often
of the as didgreatest
Rembrantpainters and
• His conceptin himself
printmakers Europeancontinue
art to
• deepen in grasp
He followed and subtlety
no particular while
faith, but
his
wastechnique
interestedgrew
in more daring
spiritual values
and often chooses religious subjects
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/c
• He shares with Rubens the
ommons/5/54/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van
_Rijn_134.jpg revolution whereby painting came
to depict the more personal aspects
of the painter: his own home and
his family 122
Rembrant’ s Well-known Work:
Self Portrait in Old Age

http://www.kingsacademy.com/mhodges/11_Western-
Art/17_Baroque/Rembrandt/Rembrandt_1669_Self-Portrait-at- 123
Old-Age.jpg
Rembrant’ s Works:
Paintings
Drawings
Etchings
http://www.artsbreath.com/images/painting/Titus-Rembrandt-Harmenszoon-Van-Rijn-Oil-Painting-AB02896.jpg
http://cdn-2-wdh.habsburger.net/files/styles/large/public/originale/rembrandt_harmenszoon_van_rijn_bettlerfamilie_an_der_haustuer_radierung_1648_original_0.jpg?itok=KmAuH0PR
http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/2265/1719/1600/Rem%202.0.jpg
https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-TvGPK96eh3M/Tzao_HgbIhI/AAAAAAAAOLs/7c_xbEKEh0s/w800-h800/400px-Young_Girl_at_a_Window_-
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/62/4f/b2/624fb2304c9c8415c640fbfeef823860.jpg
https://a.1stdibscdn.com/archivesE/art/upload/186/7570/29-8374_1.jpg
_Rembrandt_Harmenszoon_van_Rijn%2Bfront.png
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Rembrandt_Harmenszoon_van_Rijn_-_An_Elephant,_1637_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg
https://c1.staticflickr.com/3/2560/3716467769_19938e0af1.jpg
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_JWftZM8vYLg/TGvo43k3sAI/AAAAAAAAAKs/REB1e401xLg/s640/Rembrandt_Harmenszoon_van_Rijn-Portrait_of_Saskia_as_Flora-1635-
086-sz500x638.jpg
• He had produced over 600 paintings, nearly 400

etching and 2, 000 drawings 124
5. Diego Velasquez
(1599-1660)
• Velasquez of Spain developed out

of the Baroque
• He was the case of a painter who
• He was one of the finest masters
discovered his avocation almost
of composition and one of the
at the very start of his career
most important painters of the
• The passion for still life
Spanish Golden Age
frequently emerges in
• He worked out solutions to
Velasquez’s art
pictorial problems of design that
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/comm
transcend the style of any period
ons/6/6c/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_Autorretra
to_45_x_38_cm_-
_Colecci%C3%B3n_Real_Academia_de_Bell
as_Artes_de_San_Carlos_-
_Museo_de_Bellas_Artes_de_Valencia.jpg
125
Velasquez’ s Famous Works:
Los
TheBorrachos
Surrender(The
of Breda
Drinker) Las Meninas Maria Theresa (The Maids of
http://www.artble.com/imgs/2/7/5/825851/the_surrender_of_breda.jpg
http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/monografia/velazquez/fotos/6g.jpg http://www.artble.com/imgs/2/7/5/825851/the_surrender_of_breda.jpg
Honour)
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Las_Meninas_(
1656),_by_Velazquez.jpg
126
• He created this work four years before
his death and served as an outstanding
example of the European baroque period
of art. Margaret Theresa, the eldest
daughter of the Queen, appears to be the
subject of Las Meninas but in looking at
the various view points of the painting, it
was unclear as to who or what was the
true subject; it maybe the royal daughter
or the painter himself
127
• Many European cathedrals have Baroque
• The Baroque
features, required
high altars, broad,
facades, heavy,
and chapels
• massive
Baroque aimsforms.
to giveElegant
an effectproportions
that wants
disappears and buildings
to carry the viewers away withtended to
the force
become heavier
of its impact. until not
It gives sometimes the
a generally
forms
enhancedwerevitality,
almost but crushed by the
excitement,
pressure. Theintoxication.
ecstasy, and It’s impact
grace and lightness of was
the
Renaissance
intended to be were gone; while
momentary, all that
forms
of
became broader and
the renaissance washeavier
slower but more
enduring, making the viewers
want to linger forever in a
presence
128
WHAT TO PROCESS
• By the end of the 15th century, Rome
• Mass and movement are the principles of
had displayed Florence as the principal
the Baroque style. It did not aim for
center of Renaissance Art, reaching a
perfection or the beauty of growth, but
high point under the powerful and
rather focused on an event. Artworks
ambitious Pope Leo X. The three great
from this era showed exaggerated
masters – Da Vinci, Michelangelo,
emotions on the portrayed experience.
Raphael dominated the period known
Exaggeration can be seen in the forms,
as the High Renaissance
gesture, mass, space, color, energy, and
• The Baroque Period in art history came
light
directly after the Renaissance
129
WHAT TO UNDERSTAND
•The
•Art forms
•Large pre-colonial
baroque architecture
in churches
the Philippines of are
often have thea
Philippines
diverse. Western
proportionally consisted
very of Nipa
influence
wide huts
can
faced made
bewhich
seen
from
seems natural
in Philippine materials.
to stretch Arts However,
such
between there are
theastowers
painting,
•During
some
dancing,traces
this of
weaving, large-scale
time, sculpting, construction
and poetry
the Spaniards used
before
•In thethe
paintings 16Spaniards
th
as century, came.
religious An example
thepropaganda
Baroque of
style
to
this is
was carried
spread the pre-colonial walled
by thethroughout
Catholicism city
Spanish and of
the
Manila which
Portuguese These
Philippines. was dismantled
to the paintings, by
Philippinesappearing the
where it
Spaniards and rebuilt as Intramuros with
became the
mostly on prominent
church stylewalls,of building
featured
its houses, churches, and fortress after the
for large and
religious small
figures in churches
Catholic teachings
Spanish colonization 130
I
N
T
R
A
M
U
R
O
https://jennechrisville.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/imgp6094_2.jpg S
•During three hundred years of Spanish
colonization, the Philippine architecture
was dominated by Spanish influences 131
SOME BAROQUE CHURCHES
IN THE PHILIPPINES
•San•Sto.
•SanTomas
Agustin de Villanueva
Agustin
Church,Church,
Paoay, Church,
http://ceabacolor.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/baclayon-church-
Manila
Ilocos Norte
•The Sta. Maria Church, Ilocos Sur
bohol-philippines-by-ceabacolor-1.jpg
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IXi3x6kaxbQ/TVf2YbXEagI/AAAAAAAABQ8/un64W1C5dIg/s1600/DSC_0031.JPG
Miag-ao, Ilo-ilo
http://www.thinkphilippines.com/pictures/sur-san-agustin-the-paoay-church-in-ilocos-norte.jpg
http://image.vigattin.com/box/optimize/81/708_487214104940628718.jpg
132
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Allan_Jay_Quesada-
_DSC_1354_Church_of_Santo_Tomas_de_Villanueva_or_Miag-ao_Church,_Ilo-ilo.JPG
ARTS OF THE
NEOCLASIC
ROMANTIC PERIODS
133
WHAT TO KNOW
 Neoclassicism and Romanticism were
the movements after the Rococo period
that flourished across Western Europe
and the United States which spanned
approximately from the late eighteenth to
the nineteenth centuries
134
NEOCLASSICISM
 The word neoclassic came from the Greek
word neos meaning “new” and the Latin
word classicus which is similar in meaning to
the English phrase “first class”
 The Western movement in decorative and
visual arts was called Neoclassicism. It also
applies to literature, theater, music, and
architecture that were influenced by Classical
art and culture of Ancient Greece
and Ancient Rome
135
NEOCLASSICISM CONT…
 Characteristics
 Portrayal of Roman History
 Formal Composition
 The use of diagonals to show the peak of
an emotion or moment (versus a regular
movement)
 Local Color
 Overall Lighting
 Classic geo-structure
136
NEOCLASSICM CLASSICISM
This is the renewed interest in This is the period in which
classical ideas and forms that Greek and Roman
influenced European and principles and styles were
American society through idea, reflected in society
politics, and fine arts during the
18th and 19th century. It also
refers to the art forms created
after but inspired by the
ancient times. This period was
derived from the Classical
movement
137
NEOCLASSICAL PAINTING
 Neoclassical artists embraced the ideals of
order and moderation in which artistic
interpretations of classical Greek and Roman
history were restored to realistic portrayals
 Neoclassical painters gave great importance to
the costumes, settings, and details of classical
subject-matter without adding
distracting details but with as
much historical accuracy as
possible
138
NEOCLASSICAL
ARTISTS
139
1. Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825)
• He was an influential
French painter in the
Neoclassical style, and
considered to be the
pre-eminent painter of
the era. His subjects of
paintings were more on
commons/c/c6/David_Self_Portrait.jpg
history
140
His Famous Works
141
• The Death of Marat
David’s masterpiece
shows the portrayal of
revolutionary martyr.
This is a painting of
the murdered French
revolutionary leader
Jean-Paul Marat
http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/his/CoreA
rt/art/resourcesb/dav_marat.jpg
142
• Napoleon Crossing the Alps
The painting that

showed strongly
idealized view of the
real crossing that
Napoleon and his
army made across the
Alps through the
Great St. Bernard Pass
in May 1800 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/comm
ons/4/4d/Napoleon_at_the_Great_St._Bernar
d_-_Jacques-Louis_David_-
_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg 143
• Oath of the Horatii
It was a large painting that
depicts a scene from a
Roman legend about the
dispute between Rome and
Alba Longa. The three
brothers, all of whom
appear willing to sacrifice
their lives for the good of
http://www.wga.hu/art/d/david_j/2/201david.
Rome, are shown saluting jpg
their father who holds their
swords our for them
144
His Famous Works
145
• Portrait of Napoleon on
the Imperial throne
The painting depicts
Napoleon in his
decadent coronation
costume, seated upon
his golden-encrusted
throne, hand resting
upon
https://aparthistoryyoloprodutions.files.wordp
ress.com/2014/03/mg_16191.jpg 146
2. Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
(1780-1867)
• His paintings were
usuallynudes, portraits, and
mythological themes. He
was regarded as one of the
great exemplars of
academic art and one of the
finest Old Masters of his
era
commons/9/94/Ingres,_Self-portrait.jpg
147
• The Apotheosis of Homer
The painting was a state –

commission by Charles X
to have him remembered
in the building works of
the Louvre. The painting
depicts an image of
Homer, receiving all the
brilliant men of Rome, http://www.artble.com/imgs/8/5/9/814961/th
e_apotheosis_of_homer.jpg
Greece and Contemporary
148
NEOCLASSICAL
SCULPTURES
149
NEOCLASSICAL SCULPTURES
• The Neoclassical period was one of the great
ages of public sculpture. Artists looked to
Roman styles during the time of Alexander
the Great for inspiration as well as to mimic
their style
150
1. Antonio Canova (1757-1822)
• He opened the idea for
portraying discrete sexual
pleasures by using pure
contours with his
mythological compositions
• He was a prolific Italian artist

and sculptor who became
famous for his marble
http://www.museumsyndicate.com/imag sculptures that delicately
es/artists/340.jpg rendered nude flesh
151
His Famous Works
152
• Psyche Awakened by
Cupid’s Kiss
A marble sculpture
portraying the relationship
of Psyche and Cupid
http://musee.louvre.fr/oal/psyche/img/fond03
_13_bis.jpg
153
• Washington
This is a marble
sculpture of Washington
currently displayed at
North Carolina Museum
of History
http://www.learnnc.org/lp/media/uploads/20
09/04/58811880_26dbaf6cc3_o.jpg 154
2. Bertel Thorvaldsen(1789-1838)
• He was the first

internationally acclaimed
Danish artist
• He executed sculptures of
mythological and religious
themes characters
http://allart.biz/up/photos/album/K/Kipr
enskii%20Orest/kiprenskii_torvaldsen.jpg
155
His Famous Works
156
• Christ
A marble sculpture image

of resurrected Christ
currently located at the
Thorvaldsen Museum
ons/0/01/Thorvaldsen_Christus.jpg
157
• Lion of Lucerne
A sculpture of a
dying Lion in
Lucerne, Switzerland
that commemorates
the Swiss Guards
who were massacred
in 1972 during the
French Revolution
http://img.myswitzerland.com/mys/n26323/i
mages/buehne/1156337979.jpg
158
Neoclassical Architecture
159
Neoclassical Architecture
• Styles started in the mid-18th century. It turned
away from the grandeur of Rococo style and
the Late Baroque. In this purest form,
Neoclassical architecture was a style
principally derived from the architecture of
Classical
Greece and Rome and the architectural designs
of the Italian Architect Andrea Palladio
160
TYPES OF NEOCLASSICAL
ARCHITECTURE
161
1. Temple Style building design was
based building design was based on an ancient
temple. These buildings were uncommon during
the Renaissance as architects of that period
focused mainly on applying classical elements to
churches and modern building like palazzos and
villas.
Many temple style buildings feature peristyle (a
continuous line of columns around a building), a
rare feature of Renaissance architecture.
162
Most famous temple style buildings
of the Neoclassical age:
1. Patheon, Paris by Jacques-Germain Soufflot

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi http://www.parisrevolutionnaire.com/IMG/j
a/commons/8/80/Pantheon_of_P pg/Soufflot_Jacques-
163
aris_007.JPG Germain_04_mini.jpg
2. British Museum, London by Robert Smirke

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/British_Museum_from_NE_2.JPG164
3. La Madeleine de Paris by Pierre-Alexander Vignon

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commo https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/comm
ns/e/e4/The_Madeleine,_Paris,_France,_c ons/thumb/a/a7/Vignon,_Alexandre_Pierre.jpg
a._1890-1900.jpg /220px-Vignon,_Alexandre_Pierre.jpg 165
2. Palladia Style. Palladian buildings
were based on Andrea Palladio’s style of
villa construction. Some of the buildings
feature a balustrade which is a railing
with vertical supports along the edge of
the roof. There are vertical supports
within a balustrade known as “balusters”
or “spindles”. It is also a classical method
of crowning a building that has a flat or
low lying roof.
166
One of the famous architects in the
era was: Robert Adam (1728-1792) Britain
• He was known as the
Palladian architect of the
Neoclassical who designed
two well-known American
civic building – The white
House and the United
States Capitol. He had also
designed many country https://s-media-cache-
ak0.pinimg.com/236x/b2/36/6c/b236
house 6cea43e04471bfc6a6991e6e086d.jpg
167
WHITE HOUSE
• These mansions
illustrate that while https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/file
Palladian architecture s/image/whitehouse_historypg.jpg
shares certain basic UNITED STATES CAPITOL

features (derived from
the villas of Pallado),
it takes diverse forms.
ons/b/b2/United_States_Capitol_- 168
_west_front.jpg
Famous Architects of this Architectural
Style Were:
1. Henri Labrouste – His masterpiece is the
Library of Sainte-Geneviéve
ons/9/9f/Biblioth%C3%A8que_St_Genevi%C3
http://blog.bnf.fr/uploads/lecteurs/2012
%A8ve_Paris.jpg 169
/10/h_labourste.jpg
2. Charles Garnier – He designed the most
famouse classical block of all which is the
Palais Garnier (a Neobaroque opera house)
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ http://www.opera-
commons/c/c2/Charles_Garnier_by_Nad restaurant.fr/images/paris_opera_garnier.jpg
ar_-_Leniaud_2003_p142.jpg 170
Other buildings in classical block days:
New York Public Library by

Carrere & Hastings
Architectural Firm, 1895
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
f/fe/New_York_Public_Library_1908c.jpg
Boston Public Library by

Charles Follen Mckim,
1895
http://interactive.wttw.com/sites/default
/files/styles/tenbuildings_hero/public/te
nbuildings/TM100ss.jpg
171
Romanticism (1800s-1810s)
• Landscape painting also became more popular
due to the people’s romantic adoration of nature.
• Romanticism was a reaction to the classical,
contemplative nature of Neoclassical pieces.
• It was a movement in which the artists of
Neoclassical period sought to break new ground in
the expression of emotion, both subtle and stormy.
It embraced a number of distinctive themes, such as
a longing for history, supernatural elements, social
injustices, and nature.
172
Romanticism Characteristics:
• Height of action
• Emotional extremes
• Celebrated nature as out of control
• Dramatic compositions
• Heightened sensation (life and death
moments)
173
ROMANTIC PAINTING
(Portrait/Figures)
• The paintings of the Romantic period gave more

emphasis on emotion. Artists expressed as much
feeling and passion as it could be on a canvas.
174
Famous landscape artists during the
Romantic Period:
Theodore Rousseau Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot

http://www.rehsgalleries.com/catalogt https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/upload/img
humbs/rousseau_theodore_web.jpg /corot-jean-baptiste-camille-c-face-half.jpg
• They were members of the Barbizon School (a circle of

artists who held meetings in the village of Barbizon)
that led the Romantic landscape painting in Fance. 175
The Church of Marissel,
near Beauvais Le repos sous les saules
http://www.mascoo.com/userfiles/0431079001360527166.jpg
http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/71x9sRtULyL._SY355_.jpg
176
Der kleine Fischer Landscape with a Plowman
http://www.artsunlight.com/artist-photo/Theodore-Rousseau/der-kleine-
fischer-by-Theodore-Rousseau-044.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Th%C3%A9od
ore_Rousseau_-_Landscape_with_a_Plowman_-_WGA20164.jpg
177
ROMANTIC SCULPTURE
• It can be divided into works that concern about the

human world and those that concern the natural
world. The leading sculptors of each type were
Rude and Barye. 178
Francois Rude (1784-1855) France
• He was best known for his
social art which aimed to
inspire and capture the interest
of a board public
• He rejected the classical repose

of the late 18th and early 19th
century French sculpture in
favor of a dynamic, emotional
style and created many
http://coinz.eu/fra/2_frf/g/z_30_francs_10_1984_francois monuments that stirred the
_rude_french_coins.jpg
public for generation
179
Departure of the Volunteer
• Known as La Marseillaise, this

works portrays the goddess
liberty urging the forces of the
French Revolution onward 180
Jeanne d'arc
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Jeanne_d'Arc_Fran%C3%A7ois_Rude.jpg
181
Antoine-Louis Barye (1796-1875) France
• He was the most famous
animal sculptor of all time
• He studied the anatomy of

his subjects by sketching
residents of the Paris zoo
• His famous works:

• Hercules Sitting on a Bull
http://www.rehs.com/catalogthumbs/barye_antoine_louis
_web.jpg
• Theseus Slaying the Minotaur
182
Hercules Sitting on a Bull
ak0.pinimg.com/736x/ed/10/b8/ed10b86f1a74456ec
4f0d355efbad7ea.jpg
Theseus Slaying the Minotaur

http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3167/2737357688_243229d1f5.jpg
183
GOTHIC REVIVAL
ARCHITECTURE (NEOGOTHIC)
• It also referred to as Victorian Gothic or Neo-

Gothic, is an architectural movement that began
in the late 1740s in England 184
GOTHIC REVIVAL
• Many of Neogothic buildings feature
castellation in which the walls and
towers are crenellated in imitation of
medieval castles. Indeed, heavily
castellated Neogothic buildings have
been often referred to as “castles”, even
though they never served as
a defensive structure.
185
GOTHIC REVIVAL
• Among them was Strawberry Hill
(demolished and restored), the most
famous work of the decorative phase of
the Gothic revival
Strawberry Hill
(restored)
186
http://www.victorianweb.org/victorian/art/architecture/strawberryhill/1.jpg
ARCHITECTS WHO USED
NEOGOTHIC STYLE:
• CHARLES BARRY
was the name behind
Britain’s foremost Gothic
Revival monument, the
Westminster Palace (a.k.a.
the House of Parliament)
http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/07/68707-004-EE27D758.jpg
187
• Westminster Palace, London
http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2010/11/16/article-0-08275164000005DC-633_468x308.jpg
188
• Gothic Revival became widely used
for churches and civic buildings
throughout the West, especially in
Britain and the United States. Bricks
and stones were both commonly use.
189
• St. Patrick’s Cathedral, Manhattan
http://www.gotomanhattan.no/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/stpatricksny.png
190
ARCHITECTS WHO USED
NEOGOTHIC STYLE:
• JAMES RENWICK
Renwick’s crowning
American work: the St.
Patrick’s Cathedral (New
York)
http://c250.columbia.edu/Images/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/
bio_images_big/240x240_bioim_renwick.jpg
191
NEO-CLASSICISM AND
ROMANTICISM IN THE PHILIPPINES
• Here in the Philippines,
the ideology of
Neoclassicism and
Romanticism can be seen
through various major
artworks such as
paintings, sculptures and
architectural structures
192
• Some of the well-known contributing artists
express their skills and ideas in their own
respective field of specialization:
 Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo y Padilla

 Juan Luna y Novicio
 Fernando Cueta Amorsolo
 Guillermo Estrella Tolentino
 Napoleon Isabelo Veloso Abueva
193
Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo y
Padilla (1855-1913)
• He was one of the great
Filipino painters of the
19th century who was
significant in the
Philippine history for
inspiring members of
the Philippine reform
movement https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Self_p
ortrait_by_F%C3%A9lix_Resurrecci%C3%B3n_Hidalgo.jpg
194
• The painting portrays two scantily
clothed Christian female slaves being
mocked by a group of boorish Roman
male onlookers
The Christian Virgins
Being Exposed to the
Populace
http://41.media.tumblr.com/2bfa470054bf832f6c9e20160b3c5bad/tumblr_mx6cu7ee
N01qcg3zwo1_1280.jpg
195
Juan Luna y Novicio (1857-1899)
• He was a painter and
sculptor, who became
one of the first
recognized artists
• He was also a political

activist of the Philippine
Revolution during the
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Luna_
1899.png late 19th century
196
Fernando Cueto Amorsolo (1892-1972)
• He was an National
Artist in Painting
• He was a portraitist
and painter of rural
Philippine
landscapes, and he
was popularly known
for his craftsmanship
and mastery of the
ak0.pinimg.com/736x/f9/03/04/f9030463b806588906e672cbd86fb532.jpguse of light 197
Planting Rice with Mayon Volcano
https://i2.wp.com/i710.photobucket.com/albums/ww109/volcanism2/volcano-art/amorsolo1949.jpg
198
Guillermo Estrella Tolentino (1890-1976)
• He is a Filipino sculptor
who was named
National Artist for the
Visual Arts in 1973, and
his hailed as the “Father
of Philippine Arts”
https://c1.staticflickr.com/1/466/18504556539_a608dd2c7b_n.jpg
199
His Famous Artworks:
• The Original Oblation

at the 3rd floor of the
Main Lobby of U.P.
Diliman
http://iskwiki.upd.edu.ph/images/thumb/e/e4/UPOblationO
200
r-01.jpg/250px-UPOblationOr-01.jpg
His Famous Artworks:
• Pambansang Bantayog ni Andres Bonifacio
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Pambansang_Bantayog_ni_Andres_Bonifacio_(Bonifaci
o_National_Monument).jpg/640px-Pambansang_Bantayog_ni_Andres_Bonifacio_(Bonifacio_National_Monument).jpg
201
Napoleon Isabelo Veloso Abueva
• He is a National artist for
Sculpture
• He was entitled as the
“Father of Modern
Philippine Sculpture”
• He has been the only
Boholano to be given the
distinction of National
Artist of the Philippines
https://c1.staticflickr.com/5/4133/5183196837_6dfc7cf400_b.jpg
in the field of Visual Arts
202
His Famous Artwork:
• Siyam na Diwata ng Sining
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/UP_CALjf3065_13.JPG
203
• Some of the Neoclassical and Romantic
Architecture during the American colonization
in the Philippines according to R.G. Chan &
Associates:
Bureau of Science and Insular Iloilo Customs House

Laboratory http://www.rgchan.com.ph/articles/aca021.jpg
https://c2.staticflickr.com/4/3684/20420582896_fa5d3d02e1_b.jpg
204
Sorsogon Municipal Building Paco Train Station
http://www.rgchan.com.ph/articles/aca020.jpg
http://farm5.static.flickr.com/4036/4418657897_bbdefeac10.jpg
Laguna Provincial Capitol San Fernando Provincial Hospital

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3S0bkR3S8Os/TnUxW3ZQ3-I/AAAAAAAABmw/jX- 205
http://www.zamboanga.com/z/images/7/77/Provincial_Capitol_of_Bukidnon_Philippines.jpg
ce5Cux88/s640/321169_10150433449914488_772454487_10888233_954478605_n.jpg
Cebu Normal School Negros Occidental Provincial Capitol
http://static.flickr.com/82/234962000_1f03e1d035_o.jpg http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8064/8178216058_487e6edef9.jpg
Baguio Government Center Manila Post Office

http://www.retrato.com.ph/retratoimages/Midsize/GE/GE00068b.jpg 206
https://c1.staticflickr.com/5/4134/4929387172_08cece05a4_b.jpg
WESTERN
CLASSICAL
Plays/ Opera
207
OBJECTIVES:
AttheAnalyze
end of this module, learners
the uniqueness group’s
of eachare expected to:
performance of
 its selected
Identify Western
selected Classicalforms
theatrical theater playthe
from anddifferent
opera art
 Show
periodsthe influences of Western Classical plays or opera
 on Philippine
Research on thetheatrical performance
history of in forms
the theatrical terms and
of form
their
and content of story
evolution
 Choreograph the movement
Identify the elements and gestures
and principles of artsneeded for the
as manifested
effective
in Westerndelivery
Classicalofplays
a selected
and operapiece from Western
 Classical
Define whatplay and
makesopera
some selected Western Classical
 Improvise accompanying
plays and opera sound and rhythm needed for
visually unique
 the effective
Design delivery
the visual of a selected
elements and components of a selected
piece
Westernfrom Westerntheater
Classical Classical
playplay
and
and
operaopera
 Perform in a group (showcase)
a selected piece from Western
Classical play and opera 208
History of the Theatrical Forms and Their
Evolution
 Theater began “placemyth,
means from of seeing”,
ritual, and
but ceremony.
it is more
Earlythesociety
than buildings
perceived
where performance
connectionstakebetween
place
 To
actions
produce
performed
theater,
by groups
a playwright
of peoplewrites
or leaders
the
to a certain
scripts, the director
society and
rehearses
these actions
the performers,
moved from the
habit, to tradition,
designer and technical
to ritual,
crewto produce
ceremony props
due to
human desire
create the scenes,
and needand
for entertainment
actors and actresses
 perform
The repeated
on stagerehearsals, performances, and
 Then
creation
it will
of different
only beactions
a true broke
theatertheactground
when for
an
theater. witness it
audience
209
ANCIENT THEATER
700 B.C.E. – 410 C.E.
Greek and Roman Theater
210
Greek Theater
 European theater began in Ancient Greece
 It began around 700B.C. with festivals honoring
their many gods
 Dionysus (Di-on-i-sus), the god of wine and
fertility, has a religious festival called “The Cult
of Dionysus” to honor him
211
Greek Theater
 The city-state of Athens, the center of a
significant cultural, political, and military power
during this period, is where the festivals and
competitions were usually performed
 The thee well-known Greek tragedy playwrights
are:
Sophocles Euripides
http://www.nndb.com/people/840/0000875 http://www.escenastur.com/wp- 212
http://www.logos-publishing.com/Oedipus-
79/sopho-sm.jpg content/uploads/euro.jpg 1_files/image006.jpg
Greek Theater
 The theater of ancient Greece consisted of three
types of drama: Tragedy, Comedy, and the
Satyr play
 Tragedy is a compound of two Greek words,
tragos or “goat” and “ode” meaning “song”,
referring to goats sacrificed to Dionysus before
performances, or to goat-skin worn by the
performers
213
 In Greece, tragedy was the most admired type of
play. It dealt with tragic events and gave an
unhappy ending, especially one concerning the
downfall of the main character
 Thespis was the first actor and introduced the use
of masks and was called the “Father of Tragedy”
Thespis
http://www.rome101.com/Topics/Herculaneum/Pa
pyri/pix/051111_0954WS_L.JPG
214
 Music was often played during the chorus. Men
 The actors, directors, and dramatists were all the
performed songs to welcome Dionysus
same person. After some time, only three actors and
women were not allowed to
were allowed to perform in each playperform
 Competition in song, dance, music,
 Due to limited number of actors allowed on- scenic
representation, and bodily exercises were done
stage, the chorus played into a very active part of
during the festivals
Greek theatre
 To promote a common identity,
Athenians spread these festivals
to their numerous allies
215
 Comedy plays were derived from imitation;
there were no traces of their origin Aristophanes
wrote most of the comedy plays
 Out of these 11 plays, Lysistrata, a humorous tale
about a strong woman who led a female coalition
to end war in Greece survived
Aristophanes
http://www.notablebiographies.com/images/uewb
_01_img0040.jpg
216
 Cyclops was an adventurous comedy by
Euripides
http://i.gr-
assets.com/images/S/photo.goodreads.com/books/144
5155002i/27228247._UY200_.jpg 217
 Satyr
This featured half-man/
Play contains half-goat
comic characters
elements also
to lighten
known as Satyrs
the overall mood or a serious play with a happy
 They
ending.were
Theawful
satyrridiculous,
play was and usually
a short, drunk
lighthearted
 The Satyrperformed
tailpiece characters after
lustedeach
aftertrilogy
everyone on
of the
stage, andit they
tragedies. is andelivered the most
ancient Greek formhumorous
of tragic
lines,
comedy often at the expense of other
 It featured choruses of satyrs, based on Greek
mythology, and with pretended drunkenness, bold
sexuality (including phallic props), tricks, and
sight jokes
218
ANCIENT THEATER
TERMS
219
 Theatre buildings were called Theatron.
The theaters were large, open-air structures
constructed on the slopes of hills. They
consisted of three main elements: the
orchestra, the skene, and the audience
220
http://www.daviddarling.info/images/Greek_theatre.jpg
 Orchestra: A large circular or rectangular
area at the center part of the theatre, where the
play, dance, religious rites, and acting took
place
 Theatron: viewing place on the slope of a hill
 Skene: Stage
 Parados: side entrance
221
http://www.reed.edu/humanities/110Tech/graphics/theaterdiagram.jpg
ROMAN THEATER
222
- The
Although
According
It remained
theaterRome
of
topopular
ancient
Roman
had a Rome
throughout
native
historian
started
tradition
Livy,
late
in
the 3rd century
a performance,
Antiquity
Etruscan actors BC.
the
in the 4th century
It Hellenization
had varied
interesting
(historical
-BC,By were
the mid the4thfirst
art
spreadforms
century
experienced
of such
ancient
AD, as 102festival
theater
Greek
out of
performances
culture)
actor
176 ludiofpublici
Roman of were
culture
street
dedicated
in theatre,
the 3tord
acrobatics,
-century
theater,
While aside
BC
inthe240B.C.,
had
staging
a considerably
anof
Roman
intense
comediesdrama
lower
and
of
Plautus, with
energizing
began
number of
andeffect
gladiator
thethehigh-verbally
on Roman
plays
and chariot
theater
ofelaborate
Livius
racing
and
tragedies of Seneca
encouraged
Andronicus
events the development of Latin
literature
223
- The Triumvir Pompey was one of the
first permanent (non-wooden) theatres in
Rome, whose structure was somewhat
similar to the Theatron of Athens
- The building was a part of a multi-use
complex that included a large
quadriporticus, directly behind the
scaenae fron, and is enclosed by the large
columned porticos with an expansive
garden complex of fountains and statues
224
- There were rooms that were dedicated
to the exposition of art and other works
collected by Pompey Magnus which
were located along the stretch of covered
arcade
Theatre of Pompey
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Theatre_of_Pompey_3D_cut_out.png 225
The usual themes for Roman theater
plays were:
3. 1.
Public
2. Executions
Chariots
Gladiators
Races
http://onlyfreewallpaper.com/walls/gladiator-other.jpg
https://johnwhye.files.wordpress.com/2015/09/gladiatormartyrs.jpg
http://www.italymagazine.com/sites/default/files/feature-story/gallery/chariot.jpg
226
- The Romans loved a good spectacle. They
loved to watch combat and admired
blood sports and gladiator competition.
The more realistic the violence, the more
it pleased Roman audiences
227
- The Christians however opposed the
barbaric themes of the plays and closed
down all theaters
- Comedy plays were popular too in the
Roman Theater from 350 to 250 B.C. and
women were allowed to perform on stage
228
MEDIEVAL THEATER
500 C.E. - 1400
229
- During the Medieval Era, theater
performances were not allowed throughout
Europe. To keep the theater alive,
minstrels, though denounced by the
Church, performed in markets, public
places, and festivals
- They travelled from one town to another as
puppeteers, jugglers, story tellers, dancers,
singers, and other performers in other
theatrical acts
- These minstrels were viewed as dangerous
and pagan 230
Illustration of minstrels
medieval times
http://www.luminarium.org/medlit/manasseh.jpg
- Churches in Europe started staging their

own theater performances during the
Easter Sundays with biblical stories and
events
- Eventually, some play were brought
outside the church due to their portrayal
of the devil and hell 231
http://www.insidemystery.org/paradise.jpg
- An example of this kind of play is

Mystére d’ Adam or “The Mystery of
Adam”. The story revolves around Adam
and Eve and ends with the devil capturing
and bringing them to hell 232
http://www.spirituality.org.za/uploaded_images/creation-743097.jpg
- Over the centuries, the plays revolved around

biblical themes from the Story of the Creation
and to the Last Judgment 233
RENAISSANCE
THEATER
1400-1600
234
- Renaissance theater arts were characterized
by a return of Classical Greek and Roman
arts and culture
Commedia dell’arte Knight Masque

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/KDujardinsCommedia.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f
/ff/IJonesKnightmasque.jpg 235
- During the Middle Ages, mystery plays
formed a part of religious festivals in England
and other parts of Europe during the
Renaissance period
- Mortality plays and

University drama were
formed to recreate
Athenian tragedy
- Public theaters were developed like the

Commedia and the elaborate masques that
were usually presented in court 236
- One of the most prominent supporters of the
theater was Queen Elizabeth I
- The companies of players were
organized by the aristocrats and
performed seasonally in many
places
- The were called professional
http://englishhistory.net/images/tudor
players that performed on the /eliz1-rainbow.jpg
Elizabethan stage
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/e 237
n/d/d8/OSF_Elizabethan_Stage.jpg
- Gorboduc (authors were Thomas Norton and
Thomas Sackville), also known as Ferrer and
Porrex, was an English play that was first
performed at the Christmas Celebration in
1561, and was performed before Queen
Elizabeth I on 18 January 1562 by the
Gentlemen of the Inner Temple
Thomas Norton
http://www.myhartt.com/photos/Thomas_
Thomas Sackville
http://www.thepeerage.com/014416_001.jpg
Norton_Hart.png
238
https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/s/shakespeare/w
illiam/portrait.jpg
- The famous actor and poet
who emerged in this period
was William Shakespeare
- He was baptized on April 26,
1564 and died on April 23,
1616
- He was an English poet,
playwright, and actor and was
regarded as the greatest writer and dramatist in
the whole world
- He was often called England’s national poet
and the “Bard of Avon”
239
His works consist of about 38 plays
• Romeo and Juliet
• Hamlet
• Midsummer Night’s Dream
• Cleopatra
• Julius Caesar
• Much Ado about Nothing
- The four tragedies considered to be

Shakespeare’s greatest works were: Hamlet,
Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth
240
- Other contemporary playwrights like
• Christopher Marlowe
http://www.marlowe-society.org/images/marlowe.jpg
(tragedies such as Dr.

Faustus and The Jew of
Malta
• Thomas Kyd
http://24.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lph1uezwss1qig6iso1_500.jpg
(The Spanish Tragedy)
241
- The history plays depicted English or
European history. Shakepeare’s plays
were about the lives of kings, such as
Richard III and Henry V, Christopher
Marlowe’s Edward II and George
Peele’s famous Chronicle of King
Edward the First
242
- Comedies were common, too. These dealt with
life in London after the fashion of Roman New
Comedy. Some of the comedy plays were The
Shoemaker’s Holiday by Thomas Dekker and
A Chaste Maid in Cheapside by Thomas
Middleton
Thomas Middleton
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pload/c_fit,cs_srgb,dpr_1.0,h_1200,q_
80,w_1200/MTIwNjA4NjMzNTIyNTg3
MTQ4.jpg
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content/uploads/2014/12/thomas-dekker.jpg
- For the first time, ballet was performed
in public during this period
- Ballet is a formalized form of dance
which originated from the Italian
Renaissance courts
244
- It developed and flourished from Italy to France
with the help of Catherine’s development of
ballet is through Le Paradis d’ Amour, a piece of
work presented at her daughter’s wedding,
Marguerite de Valois to Henry of Navarre
https://s-media-cache- http://quotecollection.com/author- Catherine de’ Medici

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ak0.pinimg.com/736x/ac/c7/db/acc7db7 images/marguerite-de-valois-4.jpg /e/e8/Catherine-de-medici.jpg
1318c9988b8b73a24be9cec82.jpg 245
- Money of the Aristocrats was
responsible for the initial stages of
“court ballet” for the Aristocrats’
entertainment. The first formal “court
formal” ever recognized was Ballet des
Polonais in 1573. A true form of royal
entertainment, Ballet des Polonais was
commissioned by Catherine de’ Medici
to honor the Polish Ambassadors who
visited Paris for the enthronement of
King Henry in Poland
246
INNOVATIONS OF THE STAGE:
1. Proscenium was developed. This is the
era of a theater surrounding the stage
opening. Arches frame and divide the
stage from the audience
2. Backdrops for scenery were popularized
by the art of painting clothes
3. Commedia dell’arte or “Comedy of the
Profession” was developed. It was quick-
witted performance of the
characters/players
247
INNOVATIONS OF THE STAGE:
Proscenium 248
http://www3.northern.edu/wild/th100/ProThea1.jpg
BAROQUE
THEATER
1600-1750
249
BAROQUE THEATER
- The theater of the Baroque period is
marked by the use of technology in current
Broadways or commercial plays
- The theater crew uses machines for special
effects and scene changes which may be
changed in a matter of seconds with the use
of ropes and pulleys
250
BAROQUE THEATER
- The technology affected the content of
the performed pieces, practicing at its
best the Deus ex Machina solution in
which the character gods were finally
able to come down from the heavens and
rescue the hero in dangerous situations
251
BAROQUE THEATER
- As a result, the theater was richly
decorated, the multiplicity of plot turns and a
variety of situations characteristic of
Mannerism were succeeded by opera
“The Teatro Regio in Turin”

http://t.thpservices.com/previewimage/miniageTT/45240ec9e38f5d1f2583fb4b6566dff0/dae-
10409839.jpg
252
The use theatrical technologies in the
Baroque period may be seen in the films
“Vatel” (2000), “Farinelli” (1999) and in the
different stage productions of “Orpheus: by
Claudio Monteverdi
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Claudio_Monteverdi_2.jpg
253
NEOCLASSICAL
THEATER
1800-1900
254
NEOCLASSICAL THEATER
- The Neoclassical period was a
movement where the styles of Roman
and Greek societies influenced the
theater arts
- During the Neoclassical period, the
theater was characterized by its
grandiosity. Costumes and sceneries were
highly elaborate
255
- The main concepts of the plays were
entertain and to teach lessons
- Stages were restyled with dramatic
arches to highlight the scenes. Multiple
entry points on the stage were evident in
many plays. Lighting and sound
effects intensified the mood and
message of each scene, enhancing
the dramatic experience
256
- The idea of changing scenery and
backdrops become more noticeable,
particularly with the invention of pulley
systems that allowed parts to move more
quickly across the stage
- The concept of decorum was applied in
this period which means classical
concepts and appropriate social behavior
must be observed
257
An 18th century Neoclassical
theatre in Ostankino, Moscow
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Ostankino19.JPG
258
- Tragedies
This period portrayed
officiallythe
established
complex just
and
two types
fateful lives ofof plays
the upper– tragedy
classes and
comedy. while
royals, Theycomedies,
never mixedwhich these
were
together,
either public
and discourse
the restriction
or comedies
led to the
of
use of the
manners, tended
now towell-known
focus on thepair lower
of
happyofand
ranks society
sad masks that symbolize
the theatrical arts
259
Three playwrights
achieved a significant
amount success:
260
1. Pierre Cornielle (1606-1684) who was
often called the “Father of the French
Tragedy”, wrote scripts for more than
four decades. One of these was The Cid
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Pierre_Corneille_2.jpg 261
2. Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (1622-1673), better
known as Molière, was known for his
comedies, Tartuffe and The Missanthrope
was one of his works
262
http://www.poemhunter.com/i/p/96/1571796_b_6031.jpg
3. Jean Racine (1639-1699), was a tragedian
beloved for his simple approach to action
and the linguistic rhythms and effects he
achieved. Andromache and Phaedra was
one of his scripts
263
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Jean_racine.jpg
TRIVIA ABOUT
THE
NEOCLASSICAL
THEATER
264
1. The first “spotlight” was used in the U.S.
during this period was called
“Limelight”
http://isquint.net/wp-
content/uploads/2010/02/Limelight-spot-299x300.jpg http://www.iatse354.com/354/354_images/limelight.jpg
265
2. The Theatre Regulation Act of 1843
banned drinking in legitimate
theaters. Many tavern owners took
advantage of the situation and
renovated their establishments to a
accommodate live performances
266
ROMANTIC
THEATER
1800-2000
267
• During Romantic period, melodrama
and operas became the most popular
theatrical forms
• Melodrama originated from the French
word melodrame, which is derived
from Greek melos, which means
music”, and French drame, which is
derived from Greek “perform”
268
• Melodrama can be also be described
as a dramatic work that puts
characters in a lot of danger in order
to appeal to the emotions and in
which orchestral music or song was
used to accompany the action
269
• Opera, in the other hand, is an art
form in which singers and musicians
perform a dramatic work combining
text and musical score. Acting,
scenery, costumes, and dance were
important elements of theater. It is
usually performed in an opera
house, accompanied by orchestra
or smaller musical ensemble
270
ROMANTIC
PLAYWRIGHTS
271
• Victor Marie Hugo was born on February
26, 1802 and died on May 22, 1885. He is
considered one of the greatest and best
known French writers
• He was a poet, novelist,

and dramatist of the
Romantic movement
https://s-media-cache- 272
ak0.pinimg.com/236x/65/0f/e6/650fe6d227dc59e3a08610acd09d5b5b.jpg
• Quasimodo,
Among his worksa deformed hunchback
that stand out all
the
overbell-ringer
the ofworld
Notre Dame
are had Lesa
good heart helped
Contemplations, La Esmeralda,
Legende desa
beautiful GypsyMiserables,
siecles, Les street dancerandwiththea
kind and generous
Notre-Dame heart
de Paris which is known
• Esmeralda captured
as the Hunchback of the hearts of many
Notre-Dame
men that had always wanted to own
her
273
Charles Nodier George Sand
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0 http://www.quotecollection.com/author-
/06/Charles_Nodier_par_Guerin.jpg images/george-sand-4.gif
Heinrich von Kleist Ludwig Uhland

http://www.deutschlandfunk.de/johann-ludwig-louis-
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1/1b/Anton_Graff_Heinrich_von_Kleist_(1).jpg 3dc50e27c1bb1392364c95a2.jpg
ROMANTIC
COMPOSERS
275
• Georges Bizet was born on October 25,
1838 – died June 3, 1875, Paris. Bizet was
the only child of Adolphe Armand Bizet
and Aimee Marie Louse
Leopoldine Josephine
Delsarte, a pianist
• He entered the Paris
Conservatory of Music a
fortnight before his tenth
birthday
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9
6/Georges_bizet.jpg 276
• His first symphony, the Symphony in
C Major, was written when he was
seventeen years old
• This French composer was a pianist
and best known for his operas
277
o Carmen is the most popular among his
works. Bizet composed the title role for
a mezzo-soprano in the character of
Carmen. The opera tells the story of the
downfall of Don Jose, a naïve soldier
who is seduced by the charms of the
sizzling Gypsy, Carmen
278
o Some of his stage works are La
pretresse, Operetta (1854), Le docteur
Miracle, Opera Bouffe (1857), Don
Procopio, Opera Bouffe (1859), Les
pecheurs de perles, Opera (1863), Ivan
IV, Grand Opera (unfinished), La jolie
fille de Perth, Opera (1867), Noe, opera
by Fromental Halevy finished by Bizet
(1869), L’Arlesienne, Musique de scene
(1872), Djamileh, One-act Opera
(1872)
279
• His contemporary composers
during the Romantic period were
Franz Liszt, Richard Wagner,
Frederic Chopin, Ludwig van
Beethoven, Franz Schubert, Felix
Mendelsshon, and Hector Berlioz
280
FAMOUS FILIPINO
PLAYWRIGHTS
281
1. Francisco Balagtas y de la Cruz
http://pinoyweekly.org/new/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/baltaza.jpg
282
• He was born
the youngest
on April of the four
2, 1788 in
children
Panginay, ofBigaa,
Juan Bulacan
Balagtas,anda
blacksmith, and Juana
died on February 20,de1862
la Cruz
of
• He studied in a parochial school
pneumonia
• in
HeBigaa and known
was also later in as
Manila
Francisco
• During
Baltazar his childhood years,
• Francisco
His best worked
known asworkhouseboy
is thein
Tondo Manila
Florante at Laura
283
• He learned to write poetry from Jose de la Cruz
(Huseng Sisiw), one of the most famous poets
of Tondo
• It was de la Cruz himself who personally
challenged Balagtas to improve his writing
Jose de la Cruz (Huseng Sisiw)

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_6uHGtCULbpM/SCaieu
_tpcI/AAAAAAAAAEc/59vtxWU3P74/s320/Jose.jpg
284
• In 1835, Balagtas moved to Pandacan,
where he met Maria Asuncion Rivera, who
served as the muse for his future works
• He is referencedin Florante at Laura as
“Celia” and “Mer”
http://mediasvc.ancestry.com/image/e2c8da06-8cf6-4a42-8733-
a111ad74ca40.jpg?Client=MCCManager&NamespaceID=1093&MaxSide=160 285
• Balagtas’
He moved
It was in affections
to Balanga,
prison that for
BataanMerin
he wrote
1840
were where
Florante challenged
he served
at Laura sobythat
as the
the
assistant
influential
events of toMariano
the the
poemJustice
Capule
were of Peace
meant to
• and
Capule later,
parallel won inthe situation
his own 1856
battle as
when Major
he
• Lieutenant
used his wealth
Balagtas published to get Balagtasat
Florante
• He
imprisoned
died
Laura on under
upon Februarythe 20,
his release accusation
1862 at
in 1838
the
thatage
Balagtas
of 73 ordered a servant
girl’s head to be shaved
286
2. Severino R. Reyes
http://kahimyang.info/resources/severino_reyes.jpg
287
• “Father of the Tagalog Zarzuela
• He was
A Filipino
In 1923,the Reyes
son of Rufino
writer, Reyes and
dramatist,
co-founded and
the
•• On
He June
Andreadied 14, 1902,
on
Rivera the company
September
playwright a Tagalog literary wekly 15, staged
1942,
Liwayway,
• his
when
He play
wastheWalang
born
waspublished in Sugat
Philippines
Sta.
highly acclaimed (No
was
Cruz, Wounds),
under
Manila
as fairy a
the
on
one oftales
which a series of
drama
Japanese
February
glantsMgaset against
regime
11, 1861
of Tagalog the historical
Literature events
titled Kuwento ni Lola Basyang,
• in
He Bulacan
studied
In 1902,byReyes during
at San the
Juan Philippine
anddedirected
Letran
written Reyes.founded
The storyteller, Lola
revolution
College and later
the Grand
Basyang, basedatby
wasCompania thethede
University
on aof
Zarzuela
author
Sto.
Tagala Tomas,
neighbor where de
named Gervacia heGuzman
studied
philosophy
288
His masterpiece, Walang Sugat broadly
underscores the injustice of Spanish rule even
With no word
as it dances aroundfrom theTenyong
cruel fateasof the battle
the young
prolongs, Julia Gives
lovers Tenyong and in,
Juliabutwith
her wedding
humor and is
interrupted
song. Set inby the
the fatally wounded
final leg of theTenyong.
Philippine
He mentions his dying wish
Revolution.
Tenyong
to Julia, is and
forced the toplay
leave
features anhis “unexpected
behind childhood
twist” thatJulia
sweetheart shows to join
how the
Katipunan.
Tenyong was Meanwhile,
able to outwit Julia’s
mother
the persons
pressures
separating herhiminto
marrying the wealthy
from his beloved Julia. Miguel
instead.
https://natoreyes.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/06walang-sugat-cast-of-
289
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rayos-cris-vilonco-and-noemi-manikan-gomez.jpg
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Jonjon
Artist Villareal
The production
Choreographed
Musical
National was directed by
by ofBernal
direction
Salvador
handled
thelights
Ricardo
Dexter
Josefino
designed set design
Abad
Santos
Tolledo
and costumes 290
Dr. Ricardo G. Abad
(A Director)
• He was born in Manila on
• A
He hasfull-time
been also directedFaculty,
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Theater
He ahs
department
10,
been
and acted for
1946
guild. Many
involvedof parenets
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Anthropology;
companies like over 120
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Teatro
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western
while at Ateneo
the but de
in
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Filipino
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Fordham University in New
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Theater University Role
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291
Salvador F. Bernal
(Father of Theater Design in the Philippines)
• He was born in 1945 to a

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briefly Anteneo shop.
de
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Manila the University
first to develop
of the
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Philippines
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more than 250
• Studied in Ateneo
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in ballet, Manila
and film
at Northwestern University,
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National Awardee USA,
practiced , and handled courses https://ateneosocioanthro.files.wor
dpress.com/2011/10/drabad.jpg
in the art and craft of the
theater design
292
• He was born in 1945 to a family that ran
a Terno shop. He was the first to
develop theater design as a profession
and elevate it to an art form
• Studied in Ateneo de Manila and at
Northwestern University, Evanston,
Illinois, USA, practiced , and handled
courses in the art and craft of the theater
design
293

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UNIT 1

• Their paintings were found inside the caves which

• The dominant features in the painting were large

1. Black horse's head, 2. Unicorn, 3. Frieze of the black horses, 4.

Paintings from Sarcophagus of

Kerch Style also referred to as Kerch Vases

3. Lebes Gamikos 4. Krater

Tomb of the Diver

In tomb painting, artists rely

• It is an art process where an image is created

• Subjects usually depict popular legends and

• Stained glass windows were created to

• The painting shows some realistic

 It is carved from limestone

 A sculpture of a lady with the hood. It is a fragmentary

 The most common materials used for

• Realistic, with heavy lidded eyes, slender neck,

• An example of portraits presented in rigid postures,

 Early Greek sculptures were tensed and

 One of the most popular styles of the Greek

• Shows an attitude of maximum

 Most Roman sculptures are made of

• Used for battle

 Made of Terra Cotta

 Tymapnum (an architectural element within the arch or

A huge stone standing vertically

The word dolmen originated from the expression taol

A Brythonic word where crom means “bent” or “curved”

• The most substantial ancient structures of the

• Khufu (Cheops) whom the Great Pyramid was attributed to;

• These pyramids were made highly confusing

• It is a type of Egyptian tomb in the form of a flat-

• Temples consisted of a central shrine or room in

• The Greatest Classical temple, ingeniously engineered to

 They built sturdy stone structures both for

 The emperors erected huge halls and arenas

 They built them of gigantic arches of stone,

 Hagia Sofia means “Holy Wisdom”. It narrates how a

 The doorways of Romanesque’s churches

 This design included two devices: pointed

• Two of his best known works, The Pieta and

interest, talent and his expression of humanist

• The most reproduced religious painting

• The most famous and most parodied portrait 99

Vitruvian Man The Adoration of Virgin of the Rocks

The Sistine The School of The

Cardinal Giulio Pope Clement Narbonne

• He was one of the Italian great

Supper at Emmaus Conversion of St. Paul

• He was an Italian artist and the first

The Goat Amalthea with the

• He made a sculpture of David

Colonade of the Piazza of St.

• He was a Flemish Baroque painter

Landscape with a Tower

Self Portrait in Old Age

• He had produced over 600 paintings, nearly 400

• Velasquez of Spain developed out

The painting that

The painting was a state –

• He was a prolific Italian artist

• He was the first