DENTAL MATERIALS I

RESD

By Dr. Clyde Roggenkamp

from Fred Berry

Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD

Professor, LLU Restorative Department
 WELCOME TO
DENTAL MATERIALS I
RESD 702
“2018”

Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD

Professor, LLU Restorative Department
 Hope you had a

MERRY CHRISTMAS

and can anticipate a

HAPPY NEW YEAR

Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD

Professor, LLU Restorative Department
 Please see online Manual on Canvas

PLEASE WEAR LAB JACKETS

AND NAME TAGS

Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD

Professor, LLU Restorative Department
Why Dental Materials?
• Questions on National Board Exam
• Learn the basic materials utilized in
future lab courses and on clinic prior to
graduation
• Everyday familiarity with materials is
essential to quality dental treatment
• Using a material incorrectly = FAILURE =
loss of income & unnecessary trauma to
your patient
Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD
Professor, LLU Restorative Department
 ALGINATE IRREVERSIBLE
HYDROCOLLOID IMPRESSION
MATERIAL
(most widely used impression material in
dentistry)

Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD

Professor, LLU Restorative Department
Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD
Professor, LLU Restorative Department
 I. Introduction (terminology)

• A. Impression material:
– Used to make an
accurate replica
of the oral tissues

• B. Impression:
– A NEGATIVE
reproduction of the
oral tissues
Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD
Professor, LLU Restorative Department
• C. Impression Tray:
– A metal or plastic device into which the material
is placed, carried to the mouth, allowed to set,
and then removed.
• Types:
– All-plastic perforated
– Metal rim-lock and/or perforated

Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD

Professor, LLU Restorative Department
• D. Model or Cast
– A POSITIVE model/cast is created by
filling an impression with a hard setting
gypsum material
– Used for evaluation and fabrication of
restorations or prostheses

Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD

Professor, LLU Restorative Department
 • II. Desirable Properties of an Impression
Material
• (1) elastic:
• exceptions: Impression Plaster, ZOE,
Plastic compound
• (2) pleasant odor, taste, and color
• (3) non-toxic
• (4) accurate
• (5) economical
• (6) easy to use with minimum equipment
Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD
Professor, LLU Restorative Department
• (7) good setting characteristics
• (8) smooth consistency and texture
• (9) strength to resist permanent
deformation or damage
• (10) dimensionally stable
• (11) compatible with various cast and die
materials
• (12) can be disinfected

Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD

Professor, LLU Restorative Department
 III. Composition of Alginate Powder

Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD

Professor, LLU Restorative Department
 • Active ingredient is potassium alginate, derived
from the giant sea kelp--world's largest marine
plant--up to 100 feet long)!
• Downloaded
from http://www.sanctuaries.noaa.gov/pgallery/pgchannel/living/living_
9.html
Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD
Professor, LLU Restorative Department
 IV. Setting Reaction (irreversible)
• Potassium Alginate + Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate
(POWDER) + H20 => Calcium Alginate GEL +
Sodium Sulfate
– Sol to Gel Phase POWDER + WATER

Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD

Professor, LLU Restorative Department
V. Physical Properties

• A. WORKING TIME: = time you have

to work with the material before it
sets…

– Regular set = 2 minutes (60 sec. mix time)

– Fast set = 1 minute (45 sec. mix time)

Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD

Professor, LLU Restorative Department
• B. Setting Time:
– Regular set = 4 minutes from start of mix
– Fast set = 2 minutes from start of mix
– Affected by temperature:
Water temp 10 degrees = 1/2 set time
(sets 13 sec faster per degree! )
Decrease water temp for slower setting

Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD

Professor, LLU Restorative Department
• C. Flexibility (elasticity):
– able to be removed after set (elastic)
– limited - should block out major undercuts
• D. Strength:
– avoid thin areas - need 3 - 4 mm thickness
• E. Compatible with
• gypsum products
such as…

Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD

Professor, LLU Restorative Department
• F. Dimensional Stability
(Loss of accuracy with time of storage)
– Syneresis:
• water collects on the surface
• evaporates causing shrinkage
– Avoid by:
• pouring ASAP
• storing
correctly
Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD
Professor, LLU Restorative Department
• Imbibition:
– absorption of water
– causes expansion or swelling
– avoid by:
• pouring ASAP
• storing correctly

Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD

Professor, LLU Restorative Department
• G. Permanent Deformation
– Needs adequate thickness (3-4 mm)
• tends to slump so build up middle with
wax for high palates
• highest deformation
of all impression
materials

Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD

Professor, LLU Restorative Department
• H. Surface Reproduction
– Registers the detail of the soft tissue,
restorations and fractured teeth
– Can be adequate for fine detail of
preparations

Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD

Professor, LLU Restorative Department
• I. Summary:

• Loss of accuracy with time of storage

• STORAGE--up to 2 hrs @ 100% humidity:
– Cover with moist paper towel
– Place in plastic bag & seal
– POUR ASAP

Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD

Professor, LLU Restorative Department
• B. Tray Selection
– Correct size:
• Comfortable - not impinging on the tissue
– Always better to be slightly larger

Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD

Professor, LLU Restorative Department
Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD
Professor, LLU Restorative Department
Tray Adaptation/Customization
• Trays may be heated over a bunsen burner
to soften and allow the tray to be
stretched or adapted to the arch--often
required with the Mandibular tray.

Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD

Professor, LLU Restorative Department
 After heating carefully
from the flame, expand
the ends of the buccal
flanges as shown in order
to allow the tray to fit
over the last mandibular
molars

Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD

Professor, LLU Restorative Department
C. Wax Addition to Impression Trays
C C. Wax Addition to Impression Trays

Adapt & Extend with wax when needed

Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD

Professor, LLU Restorative Department
 Wax extends tray borders & allows for border molding

Rope or beading wax

Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD
Professor, LLU Restorative Department
D. Water Temperature & Amount

70-75 degrees

1 Full cylinder of
H2O per packet of
Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD
Professor, LLU Restorative Department powder Add water to the bowl first
 Measuring Scoop

Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD

Professor, LLU Restorative Department
 F. Mixing
– Add powder to measured water
– Use a clean bowl as gypsum particles will cause a
decrease in the setting time of the alginate
– Regular set: Mix 45 to 60 seconds
– Fast set: Mix 30 to 45 seconds
• Under mix = weak gel, poor surface
texture, loss of detail, unmixed
powder
• Over mix = decrease working
time, loss of detail, incomplete
seating of the tray

Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD

Professor, LLU Restorative Department
• Thoroughly mix against the inside of
the rubber mixing bowl
• Have separate bowl and spatula used only
for alginate
– Particles of gypsum products will affect
less working time and faster set)

Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD

Professor, LLU Restorative Department
• G. Loading the tray
– Place more in the anterior
– Apply excess in areas of common voids
• Maxillary molars, palate, anteriors under the
lip, occlusal surfaces
• Linguals of Mandibular molars, anteriors
under the lip, occlusal surfaces

Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD

Professor, LLU Restorative Department
 Correct w/p ratio

If incorrect w/p ratio produces runny mix, discard

Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD
Professor, LLU Restorative Department
• H. Tray Insertion
– Center the tray in the arch
– Anterior first
• Insert with incisors ~1-2 cm posterior to front of
tray to capture sufficient bulk of alginate into max
anterior vestibule above incisors
– Posterior next then rotate up
• Allows trapped air to escape past cup-shaped palatal
vault
• Less tendency for gagging
since less alginate material
in the palatal area
Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD
Professor, LLU Restorative Department
Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD
Professor, LLU Restorative Department
• Seat tray fully allowing the alginate to move
into vestibules as well as palatally
• Hold in place without pressure or movement
until fully set
– 4 minutes from
start of the
mix

Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD

Professor, LLU Restorative Department
• I. Tray (impression) removal
– Grasp tray firmly
– Break the posterior seal first
– Remove with a
– single “snap” motion
– Avoid rocking to remove

Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD

Professor, LLU Restorative Department
• J, K. Impression Eval Criteria
– A. clear negative reproduction of the
teeth, gingival margins, palate, frenum
attachments, facial and lingual vestibules,
hamular notches, and palatal vault
– B. free of
bubbles or voids
in the tooth
portions

Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD

Professor, LLU Restorative Department
 – C. free of bubbles or voids larger than 0.5
mm in diameter in non-tooth areas
– D. no rips or tears
– E. impression should be completely within
the confines of the tray
– F. impression
should not be
pulled
loose from the
tray
Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD
Professor, LLU Restorative Department
 If the impression is unacceptable, simply
remove it from the tray and try again

Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD

Professor, LLU Restorative Department
VI. Impression/Model Disinfection
• 1. AntiMicrobial Alginate

• 2. Can use
Aseptisol/Water directl
y to disinfect the
impression and/or cast
Not needed for our lab projects
Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD
Professor, LLU Restorative Department
VII. Impression Storage
• Wrap with a MOIST paper towel
• Place in a plastic bag and seal
• Can be stored for up to 2 hours in 100%
humidity (Only in extreme situations)
• NEVER WITH AN IMPRESSION FOR A
FINAL MODEL

Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD

Professor, LLU Restorative Department
VIII. Model Fabrication

• Ideally pour immediately (within 10-15

minutes) in the selected gypsum product
• Always keep the impression facing upright
DO NOT AIR-DRY!

Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD

Professor, LLU Restorative Department
VIII. Removal of the Impression from
the Final Set Model
• Remove after one hour
– Prolonged contact between the Alginate and
Gypsum will cause surface deterioration of the
model
– Alginate will absorb moisture from the model

Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD

Professor, LLU Restorative Department
IX. Trouble Shooting

• A. Too short working or setting time

water temp, w/p ratio, mixing time,
time in loading the tray
• B. Grainy surface, lack of detail
– Removal was before the final set
– Model left in alginate impression too long

Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD

Professor, LLU Restorative Department
• C. Gagging
– Seat patient upright
– Take lower first, use fast set
– Use anesthetic rinse or spray
– Avoid overloading the tray in the posterior
• D. Tearing upon removal
– Presence of significant undercuts
• E. Bubbles or voids
– Selectively apply mixed alginate with finger or
syringe prior to tray placement

Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD

Professor, LLU Restorative Department
 SUMMARY OF KEY POINTS
• Approx 30% of Alginate powder is Potassium Alginate (from
sea weed) and Calcium Sulfate dihydrate (gypsum)
• Regular Set alginate takes 4 min and Fast Set takes 2 min
total time, from start of mix
• Setting time  per degree  water temperature and  with
 water temperature
• Syneresis = water from inside the set impression material
collecting on the surface leading to evaporative loss and
shrinkage
• Imbibition = water absorption into the set impression
material leading to swelling/expansion
• Dry particles of old alginate, plaster or stone can
significantly reduce setting time of either alginate or
gypsum products.

Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD

Professor, LLU Restorative Department
 Happy Impression Making!

QUESTIONS???

THANKS!
Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD
Professor, LLU Restorative Department
 Online Demonstration Video

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
TPSLU4CvQGo

“How to Take an Impression, Pour

and Trim a Cast”, by Peter
Bonifatto (13:06 min)

Fred A. Berry, DDS, FAGD, FACD

Professor, LLU Restorative Department