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1
1. The scientist who coined the word “cell”.
2. Define biology.
3. It refers to the smallest unit of living thing.
4.6. State the 3 tennets of the cell theory.
710. Give 3 properties of a living organism.
1115. How important is the development of the
cell theory in the study of biology?
Cell is like a big city. In
what way?
COMMON COMPONENTS OF
ALL CELLS
COMMON COMPONENTS OF ALL
CELLS
1. Plasma Membrane
2. Cytoplasm
3. DNA
4. ribosomes
PLASMA MEMBRANE/ CELL
MEMBRANE
a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
that separates the internal contents of the cell
from its surrounding environment
Selectively permeable
Function:
Controls the passage of organic molecules, ions,
water, and oxygen into and out of the cell, wastes
( CO2, ammonia)
Provides shape and flexibility of the cell
PLASMA MEMBRANE/ CELL
MEMBRANE
Fluid Mosaic Model describes the plasma
membrane as a mosaic of proteins that are
embedded or attached to a fluid bilayer of lipid.
PLASMA MEMBRANE
PLASMA MEMBRANE VIDEO
DID YOU KNOW THAT?
Specialize cells found in the lining the small
intestine has plasma membrane with folded into
fingerlike projections called MICROVILLI which
facilitates absorption.
CELIAC DISEASE
Damage microvilli due to immune response to
gluten( found in wheat, barley and rye)
Affected individual cannot absorb nutrients,
leads to malnutrition, cramping and diarrhea.
DIARRHEA
CYTOPLASM
Is the entire region of a cell between the plasma
membrane and nuclear envelope
The ground substance and the biggest part of the
cell where organelles and cellular inclusions are
found
Consist of 70 % and 80% water, it has semisolid
consistency, which comes from proteins within it.
PROKARYOTIC CELL
Is a simple, mostly singlecelled(unicellular)
organism that lacks nucleus or any other
membrane bound organelle.
DNA is found in a central part of the cell: the
nucleoid
Small in size,less complex,limited
capabilities compared with eukaryotic cells
Some prokaryotes have flagella, pili, or fimbrae
STRUCTURES FOUND IN
PROKARYOTIC CELL
1. Capsule – a sticky outer layer that provides protection
2. Cell wall – a structure that confers rigidity and shape to
the cell
3. Plasma membrane – a structure that serves as a
permeability barrier
4. Plasmid genetic material
5. Nucleoid – a DNAcontaining region within the cytoplasm
6. Cytoplasm – the region where chromosomes (DNA,
ribosomes, and various inclusions are found
7. Ribosome – the site where protein is synthesized
8. Pilus (plural, pili) – a hairlike appendage that functions in
adhesion
9. Flagellum – facilitates movement of bacteria
DID YOU KNOW THAT?
Most prokaryotes (bacteria) have peptigoglycan
cell wall, this acts as and extra layer of
protection, helps maintain its shape
CAREER CONNECTION
Are all microorganisms can diseases?
NO, some are beneficial.
MICROBIOLOGIST
are scientists who study microbes, they can be
employed in food industry, veterinary and
medical fields, pharmaceutical sector (research
and development), environmental microbiologist
EUKARYOTIC CELL
Have membrane bound nuclues, often said to
have” true nucleus”
Has numerous membrane bound organelles such
as endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus,
chloroplast, mitochondria
Have several rod shaped chromosomes
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Three main parts:
1. cytoplasm
2. cell membrane
3. nucleus
NUCLEUS
Houses the cell’s DNA and directs the synthesis
of ribosomes and proteins, directs all the
activities of the cell
Nuclear envelope membrane enclosing the
nucleus, proteinlined pores allow material to
move in and out
Chromatin DNA plus associated proteins
Nucleoluscondensed region where ribosomes are
formed
RIBOSOMES
Are cellular organelles responsible for protein
synthesis
Ribosomes receive orders for protein synthesis
from the nucleus where the DNA is transcribed
into messenger RNA. The mRNA travels to the
ribosomes, which translate the code provided by
the sequence of the nitrogeneous bases in the
mRNA into a specific order of amino acids in a
protein.
MITOCHONDRIA
The “powerhouses” or “factories” because they
are responsible for making adenosine
triphosphate (ATP), the cell’s main energy
carrying molecule
Do you think your muscle has high concentration
of mitochondria? Why?
Why do you need to have a warm up prior to an
exercise?
PEROXISOMES
Are small, round organelles enclosed by single
membrane
Function:
Carry out oxidation reaction that break down
fatty acids and amino acids
They also detoxify many poisons that may enter
the body
VESICLES AND VACUOLES
Are membranebound sacs that function in
storage and transport
Vesicles can fuse with plasma membrane or other
membrane system
Vacuole does not fuse with the membranes of
other cellular component
ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
A group of membranes and organelles in
eukaryotic cells that works together to modify,
package, tansport lipid and proteins
It includes:
Nuclear membrane, lysosomes, vesicles,
endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
A series of interconnected membranous sacs and
tubules that collectively modifies protein and
synthesizes lipids
ROUGH ER
Ribosomes are attached to its cytoplasmic surface
give it a studded appearance
Ribosomes transfer their newly synthesized
protein into the RER where they undergo
structural modification
SMOOTH ER
Is continuous with the RER but has few or no
ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface
Functions:
Synthesis of carbohydrates, lipid, steroid
hormones; detoxification of medications and
medications and poisons, storage of calcium ions
GOLGI APPARATUS
A series of flattened membrane that is
responsible for sorting, tagging, packaging, and
distribution of lipids and proteins
CAREER CONNECTION
Heart failure occurs when the ER of cardiac
muscle cells do not function well as a result, an
insufficient number of calcium ions are a
available to trigger a sufficient contractile force
Do you want to be a cardiologist?
LYSOSOMES
Functions: digestion of macromolecules ;recycling
of wornout organelle.
Also used their hydrolytic enzyme to destroy
pathogens that might enter the cell
CYTOSKELETON
Is the network of protein fibers
Maintains cell’s shape, secures organelles in
specific positions, allow cytoplasm and vesicles to
move within cell and enables cellular organisms
to move independentlys