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• The electric utility company will determine the diversified demand load
based on the customer’s total connected load information. The utility
company does not have to use the NEC requirements for sizing its
facilities.
• The customer, electrician and engineer will try to get you to match
their connected load for sizing transformers and services, but don’t let
them. Demand load will typically range from 25% to 75% of their
total connected load.
Electric Load Estimating
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Demand Meters
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Demand Factor
• How does the load data from the customer get estimated into metered
demand? This is done by using a term called demand factor.
• Demand factor is the ratio of the peak demand kW of a system or load
to the total connected kW of a system or load. It can be written as
follows:
• Demand Factor [D.F.] = peak demand kW [metered]
total connected kW
• If you are calculating the peak metered demand, the equation may be
rewritten as follows:
• Peak demand kW [metered] = total connected kW X D.F.
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OBTAINING LOAD INFORMATION
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Motor Loads
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Motor Load Example
• The typical Demand Factor for an elevator motor is 20%.
• This is because the elevator is often starting, stopping and
idle during a 15 minute period.
• A 30 hp motor would only have a 4.5 kW demand.
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Demand and Diversity Factors
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Demand Interval Factor
The demand interval factor is the percentage of operational
run time of the load during a 15 minute demand interval.
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Diversity Factor
• The diversity factor is defined as the probability that a load
will be operating during the period when the demand meter
records the high peak demand.
• Typically we use a diversity factor of 100% if the load is
expected to operate during the peak period and 0% if the
load is expected to operate only outside the peak period
(Off-Peak Load).
• For two or more loads of the same type, the diversity factor
will reflect the probability that these same types of loads will
all operate during the peak period. The range of diversity
factors for these same type of loads could be anywhere from
0% to 100%.
• For example the probability that all the receptacle outlets in
a building will all be used during the peak period is fairly low
and is typically given a diversity factor of 10%.
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Example 1:
• Tom's Machine Shop is a building that has 5 kW of fluorescent
fixtures, 15 receptacle outlets at 1500w each, 1-10 hp lathe, 1-20 hp
air compressor and 1-15 hp fire pump.
• After questioning the customer about the various loads, the
information is further deciphered as follows:
• The shop lights are on only during the hours of 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.
• The receptacle outlets are in the office only, and will have computers
and other small loads plugged into them.
• The lathe is fully loaded for 5 minutes periods. The rest of the time is
setup time. This procedure repeats every 15 minutes.
• The air compressor supplies air to air tools and cycles off and on
about half the time.
• The fire pump only runs for 30 minutes when tested which is once a
month after hours.
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Example 1 – Summary
• Lighting Demand Factor = Demand Interval Factor x Diversity Factor
= (15 minute run time/ 15 minutes) x 1.0
= 1.0
Lighting Demand Load = 5 kW x 1.0 = 5 kW
• Receptacle Outlet Demand Factor = Demand Interval Factor x Diversity Factor
= (15 minute run time / 15 minutes) x 0.1
= 0.1
Receptacle Outlet Demand Load = 15 x 1500 watts x 0.1 = 2.25 kW
• Lathe Demand Factor = Demand Interval Factor x Diversity Factor
= (5 minute run time / 15 minutes) x 1.0
= .33
Lathe Demand Load = 10 hp x .746 x .33 = 2.46 kW
• Air Compressor Demand Factor = Demand Interval Factor x Diversity Factor
= (7.5 minute run time / 15 minutes) x 1.0
= .5
Air Compressor Demand Load = 20 hp x .746 x .5 = 7.46 kW
• Fire Pump Demand Factor = Demand Interval Factor x Diversity Factor
= (15 minute run time/ 15 minutes) x 0.0
= 0.0
Fire Pump Demand Load = 15 hp x .746 x 0.0 = 0.0 kW
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Example 1 – Chart
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Connected KW Vs Demand KW
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Watts Per Square Foot
• TABLE 1 (This Information is 20 Years Old!)
• LOAD INFORMATION – WATTS per SQ. FT. ESTIMATES
• These may be used when actual load data is not available.
• Watts Per Square Foot
• Air Conditioning comfort cooling 4 watts/sq ft.
• computer rooms 5 watts/sq. ft.
• Heating 6 watts/sq. ft.
• Office Lighting 3 watts/sq. ft.
• Warehouse Lighting 1 watt/sq. ft.
• Office miscellaneous 1 watt/sq. ft.
• Warehouse miscellaneous 1/2 watt/sq. ft.
• Air Conditioning – By Tons
• A/C (at 8.0 SEER) 1.5 kW/ton
• Chiller units (including auxiliary equip.)
1.0 kW/ton
• Fluorescent Lighting
• 2' x 4' lay-in 2 lamp (4') 100 watts/fixture
• 2' x 4' lay-in 4 lamp (4') 200 watts/fixture
• 2' x 8' lay-in 2 lamp (8') 200 watts/fixture
• Other Guidelines
• 1 phase or 3 phase motor 750 watts/ horsepower
• Swimming pool pumps (inefficient) 1.2 kW/horsepower
• Refrigeration compressors 1.4 kW/ton
Watts Per Square Foot Example
Typical Office Building
TABLE 1
LOAD INFORMATION – WATTS per SQ. FT. ESTIMATES
These may be used when actual load data is not available.
Air Conditioning
comfort cooling 4 watts/sq ft.
computer rooms 5 watts/sq. ft.
[summer & winter]
Heating 6 watts/sq. ft.
Office Lighting 3 watts/sq. ft.
Warehouse Lighting 1 watt/sq. ft.
Office miscellaneous 1 watt/sq. ft.
Warehouse miscellaneous 1/2 watt/sq. ft.
TOTAL= 8 watts/sq. ft.
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Do You Know Jack?