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
 
  

 
  

 

„
 

-In Chapter 3 (Actors on International Stage),

International Organization is defined as:

Institutions that transcends

national boundaries to

Facilitate cooperation among

its members

Provide a process to concern

depressing issues
„
 

-The United Nations (and its specialized agencies,

known as the UN System):

Provides the best available instrument

for coping with global-problems

Boutros-Ghali : offers a collective vision of

what the world can be

Importance: its universal membership

among states allows it to tackle crucial issues
„
 

-Most International Organizations tend to:

-tilt decisively in promoting cooperation rather

than conflict

- constrain conflicts

- represent the high-water mark of humankind͛s

venture in promoting cooperation over conflict
 TYPES OF INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS

How do we
determine the type
of any organization?
͙by asking three
questions in
particular
First: Is the organization a ¢
 or a ¢
one?

?

?

-  
  
-


  
 
  

 -


 
- 
   
 

  - 
 
   


- 


   

 - 




Second: Is the organization m 

or 
?

m      

-Works in multiple ways -Works toward a single
- Example: United Nations agenda
(UN) and ICRC (International - Example: Amnesty
Committee for the Red International (AI) and World
Cross) Health Organization (WHO)
Third: Does the organization operate at the
i
 or  i level?




 „
 


-Believes that groups of
-Believes that many
people or states sharing some
problems are worldwide in
similarities can more
scope and will respond only
effectively solve local
to a global effort
problems
-Examples: WHO
-Examples: OAU, OAS

?

categorization brings peculiarities
A BRIEF HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS

Nineteenth-Century Precedents

Forces Contributing to International

Organizations

League of Nations

United Nations

International Organizations
 Nineteenth-Century Precedent

-The earliest modern international organizations

were the river commissions of Europe: Central Rhine
Commission of 1804 and the Danube River
Commission

- Characterized by the growth of Conference

Diplomacy among leading European powers, begins
with the Congress of Vienna in 1815. It established
the precedent of great-power responsibility for
keeping peace
 -Ended with the Hague Conferences of 1899 and
1907.

- The birth of International Public Unions:

International Telegraph Union of 1865 and the
Universal Postal Union of 1874. They demonstrated
that states have transborder interests beyond their
territorial jurisdiction
Forces Contributing to International
Organizations

à

 
 Western States and
leaders have long assumed that democratic
states could easily form and use IGOs.

 ?     The needs and wants of

people are growing at an astounding rate
3. V
   
 People became connected to each
other but this rising interaction enables deadly pandemics to
spread quickly.

4. 
!
m " 
 States are more open to
negotiation in a peaceful way.

5. 
# 




The world of the 21st
century will require even more international organization
activities for the coordination of multiple human enterprises.
 The League of Nations

-Formed immediately after the First World War

- It is the first multifunctional organization with permanent
institutional arrangements
- Is Important because it called for the use of coercion to halt
the bane of anarchy, aggression and war
- Faltered in the 1930s as several revisionist states pursued
their radical goals by acts of aggression.
- It left a legacy that guided the founders of the United
Nations
 The United Nations

-Rose as a solution to the immediate problem to create a

postwar public opinion supportive of a ͞New League͟

- The structure of the United Nations paralleled that of the

League, but the United Nations would be more elaborate and
specialized
 TABLE 12.1

Organizational Similarities of the World Bodies



  ààà 
  à$ 


Secretariat Secretariat

Council Security Council

Assembly General Assembly

Social and Economic Committee ECOSOC Council

Mandate System Trusteeship Council

Permanent Court (1922) International Court

 

  ààà 
  à$ 



An international bureaucracy headed by a An international bureaucracy headed by a

secretary-general, the chief executive
officer
Responsible for keeping the peace
Used a unanimity rule for voting on
resolutions
secretary-general, the chief executive
officer
Responsible for keeping the peace
(China, France, Great Britain, Soviet
Union, US)
Uses a majority rule for voting on
resolutions

To coordinate social and economic To protect children, advancement of

programs women, promotion of environmental
improvements
Guarantee ultimate independence of the Supervises the administration of non-
colonies defeated by WWI powers governing territories

Permanent Court of International Justice - International Court of Justice - adjudicate

made possible the clarification of a disputes submitted to it by States in
number of aspects of international law accordance with international law
The skeletal frameworks of the League of Nations and the United
Nations are similar, but the latter has evolved to meet the rising
demands of a world populated by 200 states and a growing
population.

A final difference is that the United Nations located its primary

home in New York while the League of Nations has its
headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland.
Why does the League of Nations failed and
collapsed?

1. The League suffered from being part of a victor͛s peace

2. The League did not have the United States as a member

3. The League Covenant did not allow the Council to require

military sanctions to carry out collective security.
Why does the United Nations seems to have
a perennial life?
1. The large growth in numbers and types of states make it
an attractive forum for pursuing needs and wants

2. It came into the world completely separated from the

treaties of the Second World War

3. The creation of the UN was derived from the destructive

lessons of the two world wars