Classification of Thermodynamic

properties
Property ?
Property ?
Property ?
State and Path Functions
State Functions
State Functions
Path Functions
Path Functions
Energy
Energy
 Steady State
The properties at a specified location in the system
do not vary with time
Equilibrium State
ASystem is said to be in a state
of equilibrium if the properties
are uniform throughout and do
not vary with time.
No Heat Exchange
No Heat Exchange
No Heat Exchange
Temperature
Thermometric properties
Ideal Gas Temperature Scale
Ideal Gas Temperature Scale

PV  RT
Ideal Gas Temperature Scale

PV  RT
Constant Volume Gas
Thermometer

PV  RT
Constant Volume Gas
Thermometer

PV  RT
Constant Volume Gas
Thermometer

PV  RT
Constant Volume Gas
Thermometer
Ideal Gas Temperature Scale …
cont

T (K )  t ( C)  273.15

Ideal Gas Temperature Scale …
cont

T ( F)  1.8t ( C)  32
 
Ideal Gas Temperature Scale …
cont

T (R )  t ( F)  459.67

Ideal Gas Temperature Scale …
cont

T (R )  1.8T (K)
Ideal Gas Temperature Scale …
cont

T (K )  t ( C)  273.15


T ( F)  1.8t ( C)  32
 

T (R )  t ( F)  459.67


T (R )  1.8T (K)
Heat Reservoirs
Heat Reservoirs
HTR

LTR
Heat Engine

Work output W
 
Heat supplied Qh
Heat Engine

Work output W
 
Heat supplied Qh

  100%
Heat Pump

Refrigerator

Heat transfered QC
 
Work input W
Heat Pump

Heat Output

Heat transfered Qh
 
Work input W
First Law of Thermodynamics

Perpetual Motion Machines

First Law of Thermodynamics

Perpetual Motion Machines

First Law of Thermodynamics
Perpetual motion Machine –
Failure…
 First Law of Thermodynamics
Earlier - Heat not considered as
energy
First Law of Thermodynamics
First Law of Thermodynamics
First Law of Thermodynamics
W ≈Q

Inclusion of Heat, Internal energy

along with work + potential energy
and kinetic energy
→Firstlaw of
Thermodynamics
→First
law of
Thermodynamics
→First
law of
Thermodynamics
→First
law of
Thermodynamics
→First
law of
Thermodynamics
→First
law of
Thermodynamics
→First
law of
Thermodynamics
First law of Thermodynamics Cyclic
process
First law of Thermodynamics Cyclic
process
First law of
Thermodynamics for
Cyclic Process

W   Q
First law of
Thermodynamics for
W   Q
Cyclic Process
Units Consistent
W  J  Q
Units Consistent

J – Mechanical Equivalent of Heat,

Or
J – Electrical Equivalent of Heat,
Internal Energy
Internal Energy
Internal Energy
Internal Energy
Internal Energy
Problem
A system consisting of a gas confined in a
cylinder is undergoing the following series
of processes before it is brought back to
the initial conditions…
Step 1: A constant Pressure process when it
receives 50Jof work and gives up 25J of
heat.
Step 2: A constant volume process when it
receives 75J of heat.
Step 3: An Adiabatic Process.
Determine the change in Internal Energy
during each step and the work done during
adiabatic process..
Problem
ENTHALPY
 P-V-T BEHAVIOUR
The thermodynamic state of a pure fluid –
E.g.
Thermodynamic state of a one component
system – water.
P-V-T BEHAVIOUR
 P-V-T BEHAVIOUR
The vapour and liquid coexisting in equilibrium
are called saturated phases.
Point b → saturated liquid state (100% liquid).
Point d → saturated vapour state (100% vapour).
The pressure at which the liquid and vapour
phases coexist in equilibrium is called the
Saturation Pressure.
The Temperature corresponding to this pressure
is called the Saturation Temperature.
 P-V-T BEHAVIOUR
The critical properties of water are
TC = 647.3 K
PC = 220.5 bar
VC = 56 × 10-6 m3/mol.
P-V-T BEHAVIOUR
 P-V-T BEHAVIOUR

For water at the triple point,

T= 273.16 K and P = 6.1×10-3 bar