M.Tech.

Seminar
on
Tuning of PID Controller using Different
Method for Speed Control of DC Motor
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Master of Technology
By
Praveen Kumar
(16206112)
Under the supervision of
Dr. Rajesh Singla

Department of Instrumentation & Control Engineering

Dr. B R AMBEDKAR NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JALANDHAR
Contents: -
 Introduction
 Literature Review
 Objective
 Problem Statement
 Result
 Conclusion
 References

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 Introduction
 INSPITE of the development of power electronics resources, the
direct current(DC) machine became more and more useful this
Nowadays their uses isn't limited in the car applications(electrics
vehicle), in applications of weak power using battery system (motor
of toy) or for the electric traction in the multimachine systems too.
 The speed of DC motor can be adjusted to a great extent as to
provide controllability easy and high performance.
 The controllers of the speed that are conceived for goal to control
the speed of DC motor to execute one variety of tasks, is of several
conventional and numeric controller types, the controllers can be:
PID Controller, Fuzzy Logic Controller, Genetic Algorithm
technique, Particle Swarm Optimization technique.
 In 1942, Ziegler-Nichols presented a tuning formula, based on time
response and experiences. Although it lacks selection of parameters
and has an excessive overshoot in time response, still opens the way
of tuning parameters. 3
 Modified Ziegler-Nichols tuning based on Chien-Hrones-Reswick
(CRR) PID tuning formula for set-point regulation accommodate the
response speed and overshoot. An optimal PID controller for DC
motor speed control is developed using Ziegler-Nichols (ZN) and
Modified Ziegler-Nichols.
 The performance measure to be minimized contains the following
objectives of the PID controller, that will be studied separately,
 Minimize the rise time:- Time required for system response to rise
from 10% to 90% (over damped); 5% to 95%; 0% to 100% (Under
damped) of the final steady state value of the desired response.
 Minimize the maximum overshoot:- Maximum overshoot is the
maximum peak value of the response curve measured from the
desired response of the system.
 Minimize the settling time:- Time required for response to reach
and stay within 2% of final value.
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 DC MOTOR MATHEMATICAL MODEL
 This DC motor system is a separately excited DC motor, which is
often used to the velocity tuning and the position adjustment. It uses
the armature voltage control method to control the DC motor
velocity, the armature voltage controls the distinguishing feature of
method as the flux fixed, is also a field current fixedly. The control
equivalent circuit of the DC motor by the armature voltage control
method is shown in Figure.

-
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 The back EMF eb is proportional to speed ѡ directly, then

 Making use of the KCL voltage law can get

 From Newton law, the motor torque can be obtained as

 By taking Laplace transform of eq. (1), (2), and (3)

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 Figure describes the DC motor armature control system function
block diagram from equations (1) to (6).

 The transfer function of DC motor speed with respect to the input

voltage can be written as follows

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 PID Controller
 PROPORTIONAL-integral-derivative (PID) controllers are
widely used in industrial control systems because of the reduced
number of parameters to be tuned. They provide control signals
that are proportional to the error between the reference signal and
the actual output (proportional action), to the integral of the error
(integral action), and to the derivative of the error (derivative
action), namely

 Where u(t) and e(t) denote the control and the error signals
respectively, and Kp, Ti and Td are the parameters to be tuned. The
corresponding transfer function is given as

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 The PID controller is mainly to adjust an appropriate proportional
gain (KP ), integral gain (KI ), and differential gain (KD) to achieve
the optimal control performance. The PID controller block
diagram is shown in Figure.

 Transfer function can also be expressed as

 The main features of PID controllers are the capacity to eliminate

steady-state error of the response to a step reference signal (because
of integral action) and the ability to anticipate output changes (when
derivative action is employed). 9
 ZIEGLER–NICHOLS TUNING METHOD
 Ziegler-Nichols (ZN) tuning rule was the first tuning rule to
provide a practical approach for PID controller tuning. Based on
the rule, a PID controller is tuned by firstly setting it to the
Proportional-only mode but varying the gain to make the process
system in continuous oscillation (the edge of the stability).The
corresponding gain is called as the ultimate gain Ku and the
oscillation period is denoted as the ultimate period Pu.
 A Simulink model for closed loop process with P-control is
simulated to determine the above parameters. The ultimate gain
Ku and the ultimate period Pu are also calculated analytically
using Routh array. The key step of the Ziegler Nichols tuning
approach is to estimate the ultimate gain and period. Then, the
controller tuning parameters (P,I,D) are calculated from Ku and
Pu using the Ziegler-Nichols tuning Table I

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 Table I
Controller KC TI TD

P Ku /2

PI Ku /2.2 Pu /1.2

PID Ku /1.7 Pu /2 Pu /8

 A standard test model as considered is taken for study of DC motor

with Z-N tuning controller.

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 Literature Review
S. No. Paper Title Authors Journals Summary

1. Tuning of PID P. M. IEEE- International PID controller is designed

Controller using Meshram, Conference On using Traditional
Ziegler-Nichols Rohit G. Advances In Ziegler-Nichols and Modified
Method Kanojiya, Engineering, Ziegler-Nichols (CHR) tuning
Y.C.C.E, Science And algorithms. The results of
Wanadongri, Management both the methods are checked
Nagpur, (ICAESM -2012) by
India March 30, 31,2012 MA TLAB coding as well as
simulation

2. COMPARATIVE Subhransu Michael Faraday There are various

PERFORMANCE Padhee, IET International tuning methods of PID
ANALYSIS OF Umesh C. Summit: MFIIS- controller and this paper
VARIOUS 2015, Sep tember evaluates
Pati and
TUNING 12 – 13, 2015, the performance of different
METHODS IN Kamala K. Kolkata, India conventional tuning methods
THE DESIGN OF Mahapatra
PID 12
CONTROLLER
S. Paper Title Authors Journals Summary
No.
3. OVERVIEW OF Manju International An overview of methods for PID
DIFFERENT Kurien , Journal of tuning is given briefly. The methods
APPROACHES Alka Research in discussed are Manual tuning onsite,
OF Prayagkar , Advent Ziegler-Nichols Reaction Curve
PID Vaishali Technology Method,Ziegler-Nichols Oscillation
CONTROLLER Rajeshirke Method and Cohen-Coon
TUNING Method.

4. Tuning of PID Ch. Bhanu IJISET - For adjusting gain constants of PID
Controller by Prakash, International control with Ziegler-Nichols based
Ziegler-Nichols R. Srinu Journal of algorithm probably a stochastic
Naik Innovative method of approach of genetic
Algorithm for
Science, algorithm implemented which will
Position Control Engineering & give more optimal results when
of DC Motor Technology, Vol. compared with the results obtained
1 Issue 3, May with untuned PID controller
2014

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 Objective
 To simulate the auto tuning PID controller for DC motor using
Ziegler Nichols tuning method.
 To analyze function response of DC motor, PID controller by
using Ziegler Nichols rule.

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 References
1) K. Astrom and T. Hagglund, PID Controller: Theory, Design and Tuning, 2nd ed, Library of Congress
Cataloging-in Publication Data, 1994, pp. 120-134.
2) B. C. Kuo, Automatic control system, 7th ed., Prentice-Hall of India PVT,2003.
3) Y. Ma, Y. Liu and C. Wang Elissa, "Design of Parameters Self-tuning Fuzzy PID Control for DC Motor,"
in Proc. of Second International Conference on Industrial Mechatronics and Automation (ICIMA), vol.
2, pp. 345-348, 2010.
4) K. A. Naik and P. Shrikant, "Stability Enhancement of DC Motor using IMC Tuned PID Controller,"
(lJAEST) International Journals of Advanced Engg. Science and Technologies, vol. 4, Issue No. I, pp.
092- 096,2011.
5) W. P. Aung, "Analysis on Modeling and Simulink of DC Motor and its Driving System Used for
Wheeled Mobile Robot," World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 32, pp. 299-306.
2007.
6) G. Haung and S. Lee," PC Based PID speed control of DC motor," in Proc. of International Conference
on Audio, Language and Image Processing (ICALIP-2008), pp. 400-407, 2008.
7) J. G. Ziegler and N. B. Nichols, "Optimum setting for automatic controllers," Trans. ASME, vol. 64, pp.
759-768, 1942.
8) O. Montiel, R. Sepulveda, P. Melin, O. Castillo, M. A. Porta and 1. M. Meza, "Performance of a Simple
Tuned Fuzzy Controller and a PID Controller on a DC Motor," in Proc. IEEE Symposium on Foundation
of Computational Intelligence (FOCI-2007), pp. 531-537,2007.
9) N. Kamaruddin, Z. Janin, Z. Yusuf and M. N. Taib, "PID Controller Tuning for Glycerin Bleaching
Process Using Well-Known Tuning Formulas- A Simulation Study," in Proc. of 35th Annual Conference
of IEEE on Industrial Electronics (IECON-2009), pp. 1682-1686,2009.
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Thank You

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