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Use Of Radioisotopes In
Medicine
• Radioisotopes In Diagnostic
• Radioisotopes In Therapeutic
• Radioisotopes Use In Medicine
DIAGNOSTIC
Application Of Nuclear Medicine
In Diagnostic
• Using radiation ; information regarding the
functioning of a specific organ in the human
body or to treat a disease.
• Radioactive isotopes in medicine are used to
form images of the thyroid, bones, heart, liver
and many other organs.
• Radioactive isotopes used in medicine have also
helped in treating diseased organs and
tumors.
Diagnostic
Radiopharmaceuticals
Diagnostic techniques in nuclear
• Diagnostic techniques in nuclear medicine
use radioactive medicine
tracers which emit gamma
rays from within the body.
• These tracers are generally short-lived
isotopes linked to chemical compounds which
permit specific physiological processes to be
scrutinized.
• These radiotracers can be given by injection,
inhalation or orally.
• Tc-99m-HDP for bone scan imaging
Indication Of Diagnostic
Radiopharmaceuticals
• examine blood flow to the brain,
• functioning of the liver, lungs, heart or
kidneys,
• to assess bone growth,
• the effects of surgery
• assess changes since treatment.
A radioisotope used for diagnosis must emit
gamma rays of sufficient energy to escape
from the body and it must have a half-life
short enough for it to decay away soon after
imaging is completed.
Diagnostic
BLOOD RADIOLABELLING
•
Biochemical Analysis
It is very easy to detect the presence or absence of
some radioactive materials even when they exist in
very low concentrations.
• Radioisotopes can therefore be used to label
molecules of biological samples in vitro (out of the
body).
• Pathologists have devised hundreds of tests to
determine the constituents of blood, serum, urine,
hormones, antigens and many drugs by means
of associated radioisotopes.
• These procedures are known as radioimmuno-
assays and, although the biochemistry is complex,
kits manufactured for laboratory use are very easy
to use and give accurate results.
Diagnostic ;
Positron Emission Tomography
• Positron Emission Tomography (PET)- a more
precise and sophisticated technique using
isotopes produced in a cyclotron.
• A positron-emitting radionuclide is introduced,
usually by injection, and accumulates in the
target tissue.
• As it decays it emits a positron, which promptly
combines with a nearby electron resulting in the
simultaneous emission of two identifiable
gamma rays in opposite directions
• These are detected by a PET camera and give
very precise indication of their origin
Electron–positron annihilation
Diagnostic ;
Positron Emission Tomography
6. Patient Safety
• No toxicity and wide margins of safety
7. Chemical Reactivity
•Ability to bind to a variety of
compounds under physiological
conditions
Properties of a diagnostic radiopharmaceutical
3. Effective half-life
•moderately long, e.g., hours or days
•good examples of therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals
with an ideal teff include I-131 sodium iodide for
treatment of hyperthyroidism (teff is 6 days)
•Ho-166 FHMA for intraarticular radiation synovectomy
(teff is 1.2 days)
Properties of a therapeutic radiopharmaceutical
6. Patient Safety
•No toxicity
•safe and provide wide margins of safety
• Rapidly
Radionuclide therapy
dividing cells are (RNT)
particularly sensitive to
damage by radiation. For this reason, some
cancerous growths can be controlled or
eliminated by irradiating the area containing the
growth.
• Internal radionuclide therapy is by
administering or planting a small radiation
source, usually a gamma or beta emitter, in the
target area. Short-range radiotherapy is known
as brachytherapy, and this is becoming the main
means of treatment.
• Irridium-192 for treatment of cervical cancer
SOME Isotopes used in Medicine