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 SESSION 14

HOW U.S
FOREING POLICY IS MADE

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 Over View

The constitution
• “invitation to struggle” between
the President and Congress over
the making of foreign policy.

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 • US FP, is made in a Cumbersome way

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 The US CONSTITUION,

• THE THREE BRANCHES

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 Distribution of power

Checks on other branches,

• The president can veto legislation;
• Congress can over-ride the president’s
veto;
• The court can declare a law of congress
or an act of the president
unconstitutional,
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 • Reluctance on high policy
(foreign affairs)

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 Historical background

• Founding fathers, and imperial

experience,

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 Congress

• Congress as the most democratic of

the three branches,

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 Senate role in Foreign policy,

• Advice president in negotiating

agreements,
• Consent to them once they
have been signed

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 Cont:

Approve presidential appointments,

• secretary of states,
• ambassadors,
• career foreign service officers,

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 Cont:

Senate can approve a

• treaty
• amend it
• or attach reservations,

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 The president’s role

President serves as:

•had of state
• And head of government.

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 As head of state,

• Visible image,
• Official voice,
• Primary representative to
outside world,

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 As head of government,

• he formulates foreign policy,

• supervises its
implementation
• and obtain resources to
support it.
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 • The President’s specific foreign policy
powers under the Constitution are
few and restricted.

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 Cont:

• nominates and appoints

ambassadors and
• other public ministers,
subject to the advice and consent of
the Senate;

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 Cont:

makes treaties,
• by and with the advice of the
Senate,
provided two thirds of the
senators present concur.
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 Point

The president’s power is restricted,

but his role is crucial,

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 American Politics

Treaty – Making

• Executive agreements, (either

written or oral)
• congressional-executive
agreements:
• Treaty or deal
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 Power to make war

• President is the commander in

chief,
• War declaration power rests
with congress,

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 The policy making machinery,

Making foreign policy requires the participation

of,
• President,
• the executive branch,
• congress
• and the public,

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 Implementation

• president
• and his subordinates in
executive

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 Decentralization of state department,

•Until WW II,

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 The 1947 act,

• Department of defense,
• Permanent intelligence agency,
• Small cabinet-level national
Security Council,

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 NSC

Include:

• president,
• vice-president,
• secretaries of state, defense and
treasury,
• chairman of the joint chiefs of staff
• director of national intelligence,
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 NSC JOB

• To help president manage and

coordinate foreign policy

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 Cold War Era

• US security and cold war

containment strategy,

• Defense, intelligence and state

departments,
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 Other agencies

• US Information Agency, (USIA),

(informational and propaganda programs
abroad) voice of America,

• US Agency for International Development

(USAID)
Foreign Economic assistance programs
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 Pentagon

• instrument of diplomacy,
• chairman of the joint chiefs of staff,
Principle military advisor to president,
• When, where and to what extent the U.S.
should use its armed forces to achieve its
foreign policy objectives

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 Intelligence

The intelligence community,

• CIA,
• defense intelligence agency,
National Security Agency,
• department of homeland security,
• federal bureau of intelligence FBI

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 Executive Departments

• Treasury department.

• Commerce,

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 Formulation

• Theoretically, definition of the

national interests,
• Delineation of policies,
• Course of action
• Allocation of resources,

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 The American political process,

• Woodrow Wilson,

• Secret deal,

• Open covenants

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 DETERMINANTS

• Public
• Organized interest groups,
• the “big three”—business, labor and agriculture
• Religious organizations,
• war veterans,
• Foreign Service Officers,
• ethnic groups,
• environmental groups and human-rights advocacy
organizations.
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 CONT:

• Individual business corporations with foreign

interests maintain
(Internationally oriented business leaders)
• Experts
• Lobbyist
• White house assistants
• Think tanks,

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 Thank you

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