m Atomic structure

m Valence electrons
m Happy " atoms are full atoms (8 ve or 2 ve)
m How do we make them happy???
M d
ALING or dHARING valence shell electrons to
have a complete ring«remember the damaras?
m Ionic Bonds m xovalent Bonds
M Atoms become M d

IONd by losing or
 
gaining electrons M 

  
M What is the charge     
of an electron? 
 
M dooo«they are  
losing or gaining a M 
 


N
GA IV
charge  !


 
m Ions
M A POdI IV
LY or N
GA IV
LY
charged particle
M Formed by gaining or losing
electrons in an effort to
become stable
m Atom that lose one or more
electron(s)" POdI IV
LY
charged..x

m Atom that gains one or more
electron(s)" 
m Which ever are veryyyyy close to being
happy
M hey either have to lose or gain one or two
electrons to have a complete outer ring
m Remember, atoms are LAZY, they want to do
as little work as possible to be happy
m Groups 1A and 2A" will lose e- and become
+1 or +2 ca+ions (+)
m Groups 6A and 7A" greedy little suckers that
will steal e- to become -1 or -2 anions (-)
m Opposites
attract«positive ion
finds an equally
negative ion and
they are hooked!
(bonded)..its an
"#$%%%
m xharges cancel
out and now we
have a neutral
(zero charge)
Ionic
xompound
m day the ca+ion first, then the anion
m Add the suffix ²ide to the anion
m
x. dodium and chlorine form«
m Na+ and xl-
m You say dodium chlow

m Not greedy«they would rather share
m heir outer rings are about half way full«
m Groups 3,4 and 5
m he # of bonds an atom can form is
equal to the number of valence
electrons it N

d to be happy
m Oxygen has___v.e«.it needs___to be
happy, so it can make ____ bonds.
m 2 or More atoms covalently bonded make a
compound called a ‰&"'&
m dharing of 2 e- b/t 2 atoms" single bond
(pretty strong)
m dharing of 4 e- b/t 2 atoms" double bond
(stronger hold)
m dharing of 6 e- b/t 2 atoms" triple bond (really
strong!)
m i- means..
M 2
m Atomic means
M Referring to atoms
m Molecules
M xovalently bonded atoms
m Put it together and what do you get:
M 2 atoms of the same element that are covalently
bonded to
AxHO H
R
M Occurs naturally in Nature
M Br2 I2 N2 xl2 H2 O2 F2
m When we change # of protons we get«
M A different element
M We don·t want to change this!
m When we change # of electrons we get«
M IONd!
M xations + LOd
an electron
M Anions ² Gain an electron
m When we change the # of neutrons we get«
m Atoms with the same 
 but with different atomic
masses are called isotopes
m xhanging the # of neutrons in
an atom will affect the«
M MAdd NUMB
R= protons +
neutrons
m Isotopes of an element have
the same # of p+ and e-«so
they behave the same
xH
MIxALLY
m he average of all the mass #s
of the isotopes of an element
give us that decimal on the
periodic table (Average
Atomic Mass)
m As the difference b/t p+ and n. in the
nucleus increases, the nucleus becomes
more unstable
M When p=n , nucleus is stable«
M When n>p or n<p, nucleus is unstable
M Nucleus will give off tiny amounts of energy to
become stable (protons or neutrons)
m Radiation=energy
m Radioactive=when something gives off
energy
 







w
w




 

m Mass # Natural Abundance Half-life
m 39 93.2581% dtable
m 40 0.0117% 1.265×10+9 years
m 41 6.7302% dtable
m Radiation can be dangerous
in large amounts but in small
amounts it can be useful in
science
M Geology-determine age of
fossils and rocks
M Medicine-treat cancer and
detect cell processes (tracers)
u P
scans, x scans, MRI
M xommercial-kill bacteria that
spoils certain foods