SPERMATOPHYTES

DUMALAOG,THEA LOUISE
ESPINA, ARIANNE KAYE
Spermatophytes
• comprise those plants that produce seeds, hence
the alternative name seed plants.
Classes:
• GYMNOSPERM • ANGIOSPERM
▫ ORDER CYCADALES ▫ Monocotyledons
▫ ORDER CORDIATALES ▫ Dicotyledons
▫ ORDER GINKGOALES
▫ ORDER CONIFERALES
▫ ORDER GNETALES
Gymnosperm

• group of seed-producing plants that includes

conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and Gnetales.
• The term "gymnosperm" comes from the Greek
words gymnos – naked and sperm-seed , after
the unenclosed condition of their seeds.
Order Cycadales
• Cycadales is an order of seed plants that includes
all the extant Cycads. These plants typically have
a stout and woody trunk with a crown of large,
hard and stiff, evergreen leaves. They usually
have pinnate leaves.

▫ Family Cycadeoideae
▫ Family Cycadeae
Cycas rumphii with old
and new male cones.

Cycads have a rosette of pinnate

leaves around a cylindrical trunk
Family Cycadeoideae
• This extinct family of trees of shrubs resembled
the living cycads in general outer appearance.
The stem in most forms was thick and short and
closely covered with an armor of persistent leaf-
bases.
• This order formed the dominant vegetation of
the Mesozoic ranging from the Jurassic-
Cretaceous in North America, Europe, India and
the Arctic regions.
C. marylandica specimen on
display at the National Museum of
Natural History
Family Cycadeae
• These are existing cycads or sago palms. Plants
with thick, columnar stems, at times attaining a
height of 30 to 60 ft. The trunks are covered
with armor of old leaf bases.
• Living cycads are tropical. There are nine genera
of cycads, the best known of which are genus
found in Australia and Asia. They existed in the
Mesozoic and therefore Mesozoic is marked as
the "age of the cycads".
Order Cordaitales
• Cordaitales are an extinct order of woody plants
that may have been early conifers, or which may
have given rise to the conifers, ginkgos and
cycads. They had cone-like reproductive
structures reminiscent of those of modern
conifers.
▫ tall, slender trees
▫ The trunk rose to a height of
▫ 30 to 100 ft. with a dense
▫ crown of branches bearing
▫ narrow round-like leaves.
Cordaites lungatus
Order Ginkgoales
• Ginkgoales is a plant order containing only one
extant species: Ginkgo biloba, the ginkgo tree.
• Because of its great antiquity and isolated
position, it has been called a "living fossil". It is
supposed to have risen from the group
Cordaitales.
Order Coniferales
• “the dominant forest-makers of the world’, are
represented by about 54 living genera and over 500
species
• “the most dominant and conspicuous gymnosperms
in the floras of the modern world belong to the order
Coniferales” according to Foster and Gifford (1958)
• Usually with rigid 50 needle or scale-leaves and with
male and female cones.
▫ Family Taxaceae
▫ Family Penaceae
Family Taxaceae
• commonly called the yew family,
• They are many-branched,
small trees and shrubs. The leaves are evergreen,
spirally arranged, often twisted at the base
Family Penaceae
• commonly called the pine family
• trees or shrubs, including many of the well-
known conifers of commercial importance such
as cedars, firs, hemlocks, larches, pines and
spruces.
• The family is included in the order Pinales,
formerly known as Coniferales
Order Gnetales

• This group of small trees and shrubs consist of 3

living genera including the Ephedra of the desert
regions of both hemisphere.
• There is no fossil record of this order.
Angiosperm
• To this class belongs the plants of the highest rank.
This group, the latest to come to earth, comprises
over half of the known living species of plants.
• It is the angiosperms which clothes most of the
earth with vegetation.
• In every climate and at almost all altitudes, they
nearly always compete successfully with all other
types of vegetation. They not only cover the earth
but many species have invaded the fresh water
realm of the algae with wonderful success.
• The numbers of the angiosperm are commonly
known as the "flowering plants".
Subclass A: Monocotyledons
• commonly referred to as monocots
• flowering plants whose seeds typically contain only
one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon.
• This subclass includes today's members of vast economic
importance to man. Ex. grasses, especially their fruits, the
grains, banana, coconut and sago palms (tallest grass on earth
is bamboo).
• These plants are usually distinguished by the following
characteristics:
▫ The plant begins with a simple leaflet or cotyledon.
▫ The leaves are parallel veins.
▫ The stem is cylindrical with the vascular bundles scattered.
▫ A cross-section does not show concentric growth lines.
▫ The roots are fibrous.
▫ The parts of the flowers are in threes.
Subclass B: Dicotyledons
• also known as dicots
• The name refers to one of the typical characteristics of the group,
namely that the seed has two embryonic leaves or cotyledons.
• Dicotyledons are regarded as more primitive than the
monocotyledons and as their probable ancestors.
• Dicotyledons usually possess the following characters:
▫ The plants begin with two (2) seedling leaves.
▫ The leaves are usually netted veins.
▫ The stem is usually thicker below than above, with vascular bundles
arranged to form a cylinder, enclosing a pit center.
▫ As growth proceeds, new cylinders are formed.
▫ Since the vascular bundles formed in spring have thinner walls than
those formed in late summer and fall. The annual growth becomes
visible as a concentric ring.
▫ A top root is usually present.
▫ The parts of flowers are in 4's or 5's.
References
• http://www.biologydiscussion.com/gymnosper
m/coniferales-characters-classification-and-
economic-importance/22400
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinaceae
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocotyledon
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicotyledon
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordaitales