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GSM Fundamental

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Copyright © 2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
 Grasp basic idea of GSM and GPRS system
 Grasp the structure of the GSM and GPRS system and
the protocol used.
 Grasp the GSM and GPRS Channel

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Chapter 1 GSM System Overview
Chapter 2 GSM Network Structure
Chapter 3 : GSM Channel Concepts

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GSM Development

1989 Standard Protocol for GSM take effect

1991 GSM system began to provide service in Europe(2G)

1992 System was named as Global System for


Mobile Communication

1994 Provide services for the whole world

1996 Micro Cell Technique is used in GSM system

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GSM Development Evolution

2.75G
2.5G 1 Mbps
EDGE+
384kbps

2G 115 kbps
EDGE

57.6 kbps GPRS

9.6 kbps HSCSD

GSM

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GSM system overview
 The GSM system is a frequency- and time-division cellular system,
each physical channel is characterized by a carrier frequency and a
time slot number
 Cellular systems are designed to operate with groups of low-power
radios spread out over the geographical service area. Each group of
radios serve MSs presently located near them. The area served by
each group of radios is called a CELL
 Uplink and downlink signals for one user are assigned different
frequencies, this kind of technique is called Frequency Division Duplex
(FDD)
 Data for different users is conveyed in time intervals called slots ,
several slots make up a frame. This kind of technique is called Time
Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

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Cell Technique
Macro Cell and Micro Cell
 A certain radio coverage area formed by a set of transceivers that
connected to a set of antennas is called a CELL.
 Macro Cell

 In the beginning , High-Power BTSs are adopted to provide services.


The BTS covers a wider area , but its frequency utilization is not
efficient. So , it can only provide a few channels for subscribers.
 Micro Cell

 Later the Low-Power BTS joins the system for getting a better service
area with high capacity . At the same time it adopts the frequency
reuse technique to improve the efficiency of the frequency utilization
and also the whole capacity of the network.

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Multiple Access Technique

 Multiple Access Technique allows many subscribers to use the


same communication medium.
 There are three kinds of basic Multiple Access Technique :
FDMA , TDMA and CDMA.
 GSM system adopts FDD-TDMA (FDMA and TDMA together).

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FDMA

 FDMA uses different frequency


channels to accomplish
Frequency communication.
 The whole frequency spectrum
available is divided into many
individual channels (for
transmitting and receiving),every
channel can support the traffic for
one subscriber or some control
information.

Time

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TDMA

 TDMA accomplishes the


communication in different
Frequency
timeslot.
 A carrier is divided into
channels based on time.
Different signals occupy
different timeslots in certain
sequence , that is , many
signals are transmitted on
the same frequency in
Time different time.

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CDMA
 CDMA accomplishes the
Frequency communication in different
code sequences.
 Special coding is adopted
before transmission, then
different information will
lose nothing after being
mixed and transmitted
together on the same
frequency and at the
same time.
Time

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The Frequency Spectrum

GSM 900

Uplink Downlink

890 915 935 960MHz

Duplex Separation: 45MHz


Channel Bandwidth: 200KHz

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The Frequency Spectrum

DCS 1800

Base Station Receive Base Station Transmit

1710 1785 1805 1880MHz

Duplex Separation: 95MHz


Channel Bandwidth: 200KHz

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The Frequency Spectrum

Frequency
Frequency Downlink
Range (MHz) Uplink Frequency Point
Spectrum Frequency
Available
450.4~457.6
GSM 450 Fu(n)=450.6+0.2(n-259) 259<=n<=293 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+10
460.4~467.6
478.8~486
GSM 480 Fu(n)=479+0.2(n-306) 306<=n<=340 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+10
488.8~496
824~849
GSM 850 Fu(n)=824.2+0.2(n-128) 128<=n<=251 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+45
869~894
880~915 Fu(n)=890+0.2n 0<=n<=124
E-GSM 900 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+45
925~960 Fu(n)=890+0.2(n-1024) 975<=n<=1023
890~915 Fu(n)=890+0.2n 0<=n<=124
R-GSM 900 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+45
921~960 Fu(n)=890+0.2(n-1024) 955<=n<=1023

1850~1910
PCS 1900 Fu(n)=1850.2+0.2(n-512) 512<=n<=810 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+80
1930~1990

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Chapter 1 GSM System Overview
Chapter 2 GSM Network Structure
Chapter 3 : GSM Channel Concepts

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GSM-GPRS Network Component
PSTN
MSC/VLR GMSC ISDN
GSM /GPRS BSS

BSC
MS HLR/AUC
BTS

PCU
SS7
BSC SMS system
MS
BTS
GPRS Backbone Internet,
SGSN Intranet
GGSN

OMC CG BG

Other PLMN

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Interface Between Different Entities

PSTN
MSC/VLR GMSC ISDN
GSM /GPRS BSS
A
Abis BSC
MS HLR/AUC
BTS C/D/Gs

PCU
SS7
BSC Gb SMS system
MS Um Gr/Gs/Gd/Ge Gc
BTS
GPRS backbone Internet,
SGSN Gi Intranet
Ga GGSN

OMC CG BG
Gp Other PLMN

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Chapter 1 GSM System Overview
Chapter 2 GSM Network Structure
Chapter 3 : GSM Channel Concepts

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Physical Channel and Logical Channel

The physical channel is the medium over which the


information is carried: 200KHz and 0.577ms

The logical channel consists of the information carried


over the physical channels

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3
Timeslot The information carried in one time
slot is called a “burst”

TDMA FRAME TDMA FRAME

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Two types of Logical Channel

Traffic Channel (TCH) :


Transmits traffic information, include data
and speech.

Control Channel (CCH) :


Or Signaling Channel, transmits all kinds of
control information.

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Traffic Channel (TCH)

TCH
Traffic Channels

Speech Data

TCH/FS TCH/HS
TCH/9.6 TCH/2.4
TCH Traffic Channel
TCH/FS Full rate Speech
Channel
TCH/HS Half rate Speech
Channel TCH/4.8
TCH/9.6 Data Channel 9.6kb/s
TCH/4.8 Data Channel 4.8kb/s
TCH/2.4
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Control Channel (CCH)
CCH (Control Channels)

DCCH BCH

SDCCH ACCH
BCCH Synch. CH.

FACCH SACCH CCCH


SCH FCCH

Broadcast Control Channel – BCCH RACH CBCH


Common Control Channel – CCCH
Dedicated Control Channel – DCCH
PCH/AGCH

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How to use these channels?

Power-off
Search for frequency correction burst FCCH
Search for synchronous burst SCH
Extract system information
BCCH
Idle mode

Monitor paging message


PCH
Send access burst
RACH
Allocate signaling channel
AGCH
Dedicated mode
Set up the call SDCCH
Allocate voice channel SDCCH
Conversation TCH
Release the call FACCH
Idle mode

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WCDMA RAN
Fundamental

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Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Objectives
 Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
 Describe the development of 3G

 Outline the advantage of CDMA principle

 Characterize code sequence

 Outline the fundamentals of RAN

 Describe feature of wireless propagation

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Contents
1. 3G Overview

2. CDMA Principle

3. WCDMA Network Architecture

4. WCDMA Wireless Fundamental

5. WCDMA handover

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Different Service, Different Technology
1G 1980s 2G 1990s 3G
Analog Digital IMT-2000

AMPS GSM
UMTS
CDMA WCDMA
TACS Technologies IS-95 Demands
drive drive cdma
NMT TDMA 2000
IS-136
Others TD-
PDC
SCDMA

3G provides compositive services for both operators and subscribers

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The reason to develop 3G

 Increased capacity requirements:Now more and more people


use mobile communication, so more and more voice service is
supported through mobile system. Some systems such as D-
AMPS, GSM, PDC, PHS are approaching saturation.
 Developing rate of mobile communication: Anything has its
natural life, communication system is the same. Along with the
technology development, new system always replace old one.
For mobile system, its natural life is usually ten years.

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The reason to develop 3G
 Demands of high speed data service and multimedia service
in radio network: Data service will become the main service in
the future, but 2G system is designed for voice service, its data
rate is too low. If we want support high speed data service, 3G is
necessary.

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3G Objectives
3G is developed to achieve:
 Universal frequency band for standard and seamless global
coverage
 High spectral efficiency
 High quality of service with complete security and reliability
 Easy and smoothly transition from 2G to 3G, compatible with 2G
 Provide multimedia services, with the rates:
 Vehicle environment: 144kbps
 Walking environment: 384kbps
 Indoor environment: 2Mbps

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3G Evolution
 Proposal of 3G
 IMT-2000: the general name of third generation mobile
communication system

 The third generation mobile communication was first proposed


in 1985,and was renamed as IMT-2000 in the year of 1996
 Commercialization: around the year of 2000

 Work band : around 2000MHz

 The highest service rate :up to 2000Kbps

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3G Spectrum Allocation

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Bands WCDMA Used
 Main bands
 1920 ~ 1980MHz / 2110 ~ 2170MHz
 Supplementary bands: different country maybe different
 1850 ~ 1910 MHz / 1930 MHz ~ 1990 MHz (USA)
 1710 ~ 1785MHz / 1805 ~ 1880MHz (Japan)
 890 ~ 915MHz / 935 ~ 960MHz (Australia)
 ...
 Frequency channel number=central frequency×5, for main
band:
 UL frequency channel number :9612~9888
 DL frequency channel number : 10562~10838

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3G Application Service
Error
Ratio

conversational

streaming

interactive

background

Time Delay

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3G Application-Conversational and
Background
Video Picture and
Phone Ring tone
download

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3G Application-Streaming

VOD Mobile TV Traffic monitoring

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3G Application-Interactive

Online game LCS

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Contents
1. 3G Overview

2. CDMA Principle

3. WCDMA Network Architecture

4. WCDMA Wireless Fundamental

5. WCDMA handover

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Multiple Access and Duplex Technology
 Multiple Access Technology
 Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)

 Time division multiple access (TDMA)

 Code division multiple access (CDMA)

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Multiple Access Technology

FDMA TDMA

Power

Power

CDMA

Power

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Multiple Access and Duplex
Technology
 Duplex Technology
 Frequency division duplex (FDD)

 Time division duplex (TDD)

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Duplex Technology

Power Time

USER 2

FDD USER 1
UL DL
Frequency

Power
Time
DL
USER 2
UL
DL
TDD DL
USER 1

UL

Frequency

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Features of CDMA
 High spectrum efficiency: Adjacent cells can be distributed with
same frequency. That is why the spectrum efficiency is very high
and the capacity is also very large in CDMA system. But it also
cause self-interference
 Self-interference system: Adjacent cells can be distributed with
same frequency. It cause self-interference, the capacity and
quality of CDMA system will be worse, so many technologies were
invented to control the interference and it is hard to carry out

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Features of CDMA
 Security: After spreading, the narrowband signal of the user will
be changed to broadband signal. It is close to noise, only people
who use the same spreading code can revert it.

 Soft capacity: Because all of the carrier resource (the main


resource is power) is “shared” by all of the users, if some users
occupy more power, it will cause the capacity lower.

 More band occupancy

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Contents
1. 3G Overview

2. CDMA Principle

3. WCDMA Network Architecture

4. WCDMA Wireless Fundamental

5. WCDMA handover

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WCDMA Network Version Evolution

MBMS
HSUPA
IMS
CS domain change to HSDPA 3GPP Rel6
GSM/GPRS CN NGN
WCDMA RTT WCDMA RTT 3GPP Rel5
3GPP Rel4
3GPP Rel99

2000 2001 2002 2005

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WCDMA Network Version Evolution
 Features of R6
 MBMS is introduced
 HSUPA is introduced to achieve the service rate up to 5.76Mbps

 Features of R7
 HSPA+ is introduced, which adopts higher order modulation and MIMO
 Max DL rate: 28Mbps, Max UL rate:11Mbps

 Features of R8
 WCDMA LTE (Long term evolution) is introduced
 OFDMA is adopted instead of CDMA
 Max UL rate: 50Mbps, Max DL rate: 100Mbps (with 20MHz bandwidth)

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Abbreviation

RNC Radio Network Controller


UTRAN Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
CN Core Network
CS Circuit Switch
PS Package Switch
RNS Radio Network system
UE User Equipment

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WCDMA Network Architecture

CN Core Network
CS PS CS PS
Iu-CS Iu-PS Iu-CS Iu-PS
RNS RNS
Iur
RNC RNC
UTRAN
Iub Iub Iub Iub

Node B Node B Node B Node B

Uu
UE
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WCDMA R99 Network Architecture
PSTN
ISDN
MSC/VLR GMSC
GSM /GPRS BSS

BSC
BTS HLR/AUC

PCU
SS7 SCE
RNC SMS
NodeB SCP
GPRS backbone/
Internet,
Intranet
UTRAN SGSN GGSN
CG
BG

Other PLMN

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WCDMA R4 Network Architecture
IP/ATM Backbone
MGW MGW PSTN
ISDN
GSM /GPRS BSS VMSC Server GMSC Server

BSC
BTS HLR/AUC

PCU SCE
SS7
RNC SMS
NodeB SCP
GPRS backbone Internet,
Intranet
SGSN
UTRAN GGSN

CG BG

Other PLMN

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RNL Control Plane Application Protocol

CN
RANAP

RRC RNSAP
UE RNC RNC

NBAP

Node B

NBAP :Node B Application Part


RANAP:Radio Access Network Application Part
RNSAP:Radio Network Subsystem Application Part
RRC :Radio Resource Control

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Contents
1. 3G Overview

2. CDMA Principle

3. WCDMA Network Architecture

4. WCDMA Wireless Fundamental

5. WCDMA handover

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Processing Procedure of WCDMA System

Service Source Channel Coding


Spreading Modulation Transmission
Signal Coding & Interleaving

symbol modulated
bit chip Radio
signal
Channel

Service Source Channel Decoding Reception


Despreading Demodulation
Signal Decoding & Deinterleaving

Receiver

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Processing Procedure of WCDMA System
 Source coding can increase the transmitting efficiency. It make the
signal more efficient.
 Channel coding can make the transmission more reliable.
 Spreading can increase the capability of overcoming interference.
 Through the modulation, the signals will transfer to radio signals
from digital signals.
 Bit, Symbol, Chip
 Bit : data after source coding
 Symbol: data after channel coding and interleaving
 Chip: data after spreading

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WCDMA Source Coding
 AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate) CODEC Bit Rate (kbps)

Speech AMR_12.20 12.2

AMR_10.20 10.2
 A integrated speech codec with 8
AMR_7.95 7.95
source rates.
AMR_7.40 7.4
 The AMR bit rates can be AMR_6.70 6.7
controlled by the RAN depending AMR_5.90 5.9
on the system load and quality of AMR_5.15 5.15

the speech connections. AMR_4.75 4.75

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Processing Procedure of WCDMA System
Transmitte
r
Service Source Channel Coding
Spreading Modulation Transmission
Signal Coding & Interleaving

symbol modulated
bit chip Radio
signal
Channel

Service Source Channel Decoding Reception


Despreading Demodulation
Signal Decoding & Deinterleaving

Receiver

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WCDMA Channel Coding
 Effect
 Enhance the correlation among symbols so as to recover the
signal when interference occurs.
 Provides better error correction at receiver, but brings
increment of the delay
 Channel coding works well against random errors, but not
continuous error.
 For continuous error we use Interleaving.

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WCDMA Channel Coding
 Types of Channel Coding
 No Coding
 Convolutional Coding (1/2, 1/3)
No Coding Uncoded N bits
 Turbo Coding (1/3) 1/2 Convolutional
Coded 2N+16 bits
Coding
Code Block
of N Bits 1/3 Convolutional Coded 3N+24 bits
Coding

1/3 Turbo Coding Coded 3N+12 bits

 The convolution coding works for CS.


 Turbo coding is used for Data service.

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WCDMA Interleaving
 Effect
 Interleaving is used to reduce the probability of consecutive bits
error
 Longer interleaving periods have better data protection with more
delay
 In interleaving we only change the position of bits. We are not adding
any bit in the data.
 Continuous error problem can be eased with interleaving, which
spreads the erroneous bits over a longer period of time. By
interleaving, no two adjacent bits are transmitted near to each other,
and the data errors are randomized.

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WCDMA Interleaving

Input bits
0010000 ... 1011
1
0 0 1 0
0 ...
 0 0 Interleaving periods:
... ... ... ... 10, 20, 40, or 80 ms
 
... ... ... 1
 0 1 1 1 

0 1 0 0 00…010…100…10… Output
Inter- 0 0 0 ...
 11 bits
column ... ... ... ...
permutation  
... ... ... 1
 0 1 1 1 

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Processing Procedure of WCDMA System

Service Source Channel Coding


Spreading Modulation Transmission
Signal Coding & Interleaving

symbol modulated
bit chip Radio
signal
Channel

Service Source Channel Decoding Reception


Despreading Demodulation
Signal Decoding & Deinterleaving

Receiver

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Correlation
 Correlation measures similarity between any two arbitrary signals.

 Identical and Orthogonal signals:

+1
C1 -1 1 -1 1
-1
+1
 Correlation = 1
C2 -1 1 -1 1 Identical
-1
+1
signals
1 1 1 1

+1
C1 -1 1 -1 1
-1
 Correlation = 0
+1
C2 1 1 1 1 Orthogonal
+1 signals
-1
-1 1 -1 1

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Spreading principle

 Subscribers need sending message:UE1、UE2、UE3

 UE1 use c1 to spread:UE1×c1

 UE2 use c2 to spread:UE2×c2

 UE3 use c3 to spread:UE3×c3

 c1、c2、c3 are orthogonal

 Message transferred:UE1×c1+ UE2×c2+ UE3×c3

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Despreading principle

 UE1 use c1 to despread


 (UE1×c1+ UE2×c2+UE3×c3)×c1

 =UE1×(c1×c1)+UE2×(c2×c1)+UE3×(c3×c1)

 =UE1×1+UE2×0+UE3×0

 =UE1

 UE2 use c2 to despread,UE3 use c3 to despread


to get their own message.

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Orthogonal Code Usage - Coding

UE1: +1 -1

UE2: -1 +1

C1 : -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1
C2 : +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1

UE1×c1: -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1
UE2×c2: -1 -1 -1 -1 +1 +1 +1 +1

UE1×c1+ UE2×c2: -2 0 -2 0 +2 0 +2 0

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Orthogonal Code Usage - Decoding

UE1×C1+ UE2×C2: -2 0 -2 0 +2 0 +2
0

UE1 Dispreading by c1: -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1


Dispreading result: +2 0 +2 0 -2 0 -2 0

Integral judgment: +4 (means+1) -4 (means-1)

UE2 Dispreading by c2: +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1

Dispreading result: -2 0 -2 0 +2 0 +2 0

Integral judgment: -4 (means-1) +4 (means+1)

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Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Dispreading
P(f) Spreading code

P(f)

f f
P(f)
Narrowband signal Broadband signal

Noise & Other Signal

Recovered signal Noise+Broadband signal


Signal
P(f) Combination P(f)

f Spreading code f

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Process Gain
 Process Gain

chip rate
Pr ocess Gain  10 log( )
bit rate

 Process gain differs for each service.


 If the service bit rate is greater, the process gain is smaller, UE
needs more power for this service, then the coverage of this
service will be smaller, vice versa.

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Spreading Technology
 Spreading consists of 2 steps:
 Channelization operation, which transforms data symbols into chips

 Scrambling operation is applied to the spreading signal

Data Chips after


symbol spreading

channelization scrambling

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WCDMA Channelization Code
 OVSF Code (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor) is used as
channelization code

C ch,8,0 = (1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1)
Cch,4,0 = (1,1,1,1)
C ch,8,1 = (1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1)
C ch,2,0 = (1,1)
C ch,8,2 = (1,1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1)
C ch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)

C ch,1,0 = (1) C ch,8,3 = (1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1,1,1) ……


C ch,8,4 = (1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1)
C ch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)

C ch,2,1 = (1, -1) C ch,8,5 = (1,-1,1,-1,-1,1,-1,1)

C ch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1) C ch,8,6 = (1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1,1)

C ch,8,7 = (1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,1,-1)
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4 SF = 8

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WCDMA Channelization Code
 SF = chip rate / symbol rate
 High data rates → low SF code

 Low data rates → high SF code

Radio bearer SF Radio bearer SF

Speech 12.2 UL 64 Speech 12.2 DL 128

Data 64 kbps UL 16 Data 64 kbps DL 32

Data 128 kbps UL 8 Data 128 kbps DL 16

Data 144 kbps UL 8 Data 144 kbps DL 16

Data 384 kbps UL 4 Data 384 kbps DL 8

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page72
Scrambling Code
 Scrambling code: GOLD sequence.

 There are 224 long uplink scrambling codes which are used for
scrambling of the uplink signals. Uplink scrambling codes are
assigned by RNC.

 For downlink, 512 primary scrambling codes are used.

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page73
Purpose of Channelization Code
 Channelization code is used to distinguish different physical
channels of one transmitter
 For downlink, channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to
separate different physical channels of one cell

 For uplink, channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to


separate different physical channels of one UE

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page74
Purpose of Scrambling Code
 Scrambling code is used to distinguish different transmitters
 For downlink, scrambling code is used to separate different
cells in one carrier

 For uplink, scrambling code is used to separate different UEs


in one carrier

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page75
Code Multiplexing
 Downlink Transmission on a Cell Level

Scrambling code

Channelization NodeB
code 1
User 1 signal

Channelization
code 2
User 2 signal
Channelization
code 3
User 3 signal

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page76
Code Multiplexing
 Uplink Transmission on a Cell Level
Scrambling code 1
Channelization
code
User 1 signal

Scrambling code 2
Channelization
code
User 2 signal NodeB

Scrambling code 3
Channelization
code
User 3 signal

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page77
Processing Procedure of WCDMA System

Service Source Channel Coding


Spreading Modulation Transmission
Signal Coding & Interleaving

symbol modulated
bit chip Radio
signal
Channel

Service Source Channel Decoding Reception


Despreading Demodulation
Signal Decoding & Deinterleaving

Receiver

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page78
Modulation Overview
Data to be transmitted:
Digital Input 1 0 1 0
time
Basic steady radio
wave:
carrier = A.cos(2pFt+f)

Amplitude Shift
Keying:
A.cos(2pFt+f)

Frequency Shift
Keying:
A.cos(2pFt+f)

Phase Shift Keying:


A.cos(2pFt+f)

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page79
Modulation Overview
 Digital Modulation - BPSK

1 0 1
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Information t
signal
NRZ coding
Digital Input
1

t
-1

High Frequency
Carrier
Carrier
fo

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Modulated
BPSK Waveform
f=0 f=p f=0 BPSK BPSK
signal

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page80
Modulation Review
 Digital Modulation - QPSK
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
NRZ Input 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1

I di-Bit Stream 1 -1 -1 1 -1

Q di-Bit Stream 1 1 1 -1 -1

I
Component

Q
Component

QPSK Waveform

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page81
Processing Procedure of WCDMA System
Transmitte
r
Service Source Channel
Spreading Modulation Transmission
Signal Coding Coding

symbol modulated
bit chip Radio
signal
Channel

Service Source Channel Reception


Despreading Demodulation
Signal Decoding Decoding

Receiver

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page82
Wireless Propagation
 A mobile communication channel is a multi-path fading channel
and any transmitted signal reaches a receive end by means of
multiple transmission paths, such as direct transmission, reflection,
scatter, etc.
 With the moving of a mobile station, the signal amplitude, delay
and phase on various transmission paths vary with time and place.
Therefore, the levels of received signals are fluctuating and
unstable and these multi-path signals, if overlaid, will lead to fast
fading. Fast fading conforms to Rayleigh distribution. The mid-
value field strength of fast fading has relatively gentle change and
is called “slow fading”.

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page83
Wireless Propagation
Transmitted
Signal

Transmission Loss:
Amplitude
Path Loss + Multi-path Fading

Received
Signal

Time

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page84
Propagation of Radio Signal
Signal at Transmitter
20
15
10
5
dBm

0
-5
-10
-15
-20

Signal at Receiver
0
-5
-10
-15
dB

-20
-25
-30
-35 Fading
-40

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page85
Fading Categories
 Fading Categories
 Slow Fading
 Fast Fading

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page86
Diversity Technique
 Diversity technology means that after receiving two or more input
signals with mutually uncorrelated fading at the same time, the
system demodulates these signals and adds them up. Thus, the
system can receive more useful signals and overcome fading.

 Reduce the effects of fading

 Fast fading caused by multi-path

 Slow fading caused by shadowing and rain

 Improve the reliability of communication

 Increase the coverage and capacity

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page87
Diversity
Diversity technology is an effective way to overcome overlaid
fading. It can be selected in terms of frequency, time and space,
diversity technology
 Time diversity
 Channel coding, Block interleaving
 Frequency diversity
 The user signal is distributed on the whole bandwidth
frequency spectrum
 Space diversity
 using two antennas

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page88
Wireless Propagation
Transmitted
Signal

Transmission Loss:
Amplitude
Path Loss + Multi-path Fading

Received
Signal

Time

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page89
Principle of RAKE Receiver

Correlator 1

The
Correlator 2 Combiner combined
signal
Receive set
Correlator 3

Searcher correlator Calculate the


time delay and
signal strength
s(t) s(t)

t t

RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the
receive performance of the system

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page90
Contents
1. 3G Overview

2. CDMA Principle

3. WCDMA Network Architecture

4. WCDMA Wireless Fundamental

5. WCDMA handover

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page91
WCDMA handover-Soft handover

Data UE
received/ N o “GAP” of communication
sent

Source BS Target BS
UE move time
 Soft handover feature:
 Only for CDMA system,happened between intra frequency cell
 First establish the link of object cell, then interrupt the link of
source cell to avoid the gap.
 Soft handover will take up more system resource than hard
handover

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page92
Concepts about Soft Handover
 Soft handover: The signals from different NodeBs are merged
in RNC.

 Softer handover: the signals from different cells, but from the
same NodeB are merged in NodeB.

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page93
Soft Handover Flow
 There is no handover, only one radio links is connected with UE.

Core Network

RNC

Node B AirBridge

AirBridge

AirBridge

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page94
Softer Handover Flow
Core Network

RNC

Node B AirBridge

AirBridge

AirBridge

Merged in NodeB

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page95
Soft Handover Flow

Core Network

RNC

Node B AirBridge

AirBridge

AirBridge

Merged in RNC

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page96
Soft Handover Flow (SRNC-DRNC)

Core Network

Serving RNC

Drift RNC

Node B
AirBridge

AirBridge

AirBridge

Merged in SRNC

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page97
Soft Handover Flow (SRNC Relocation)

Core Network

RNC

Serving RNC

Node B
AirBridge

AirBridge

AirBridge

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page98
WCDMA handover-hard handover

Data UE
received/ “GAP” of communication
sent

Source BS Target BS
UE move time
 Hard handover feature:
 First interrupt the link of source cell, then establish the link
of object cell
 Gap in the conversation
 Non-WCDMA only supply hard handover

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page99
Hard Handover (Intra-RNC)

CN CN

SRNC SRNC

NodeB NodeB NodeB NodeB

Before Handover After Handover

Radio Link can not exist simultaneously

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page100
Summary
 In this course, we have discussed basic concepts of WCDMA:
 Spreading / Despreading principle

 UTRAN Voice Coding

 UTRAN Channel Coding

 UTRAN Spreading Code

 UTRAN Scrambling Code

 UTRAN Modulation

 UTRAN Transmission/Receiving

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page101
Introduction to Wireless
Hardware

www.huawei.com

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.


Foreword
 3900 series base station is the fourth generation base
station developed by Huawei. It features a multi-mode
modular design and supports three working modes: GSM
mode, GSM+UMTS dual mode, and UMTS mode through
configuration of different software, we mainly introduce
UMTS Only ( UO ) mode in this course.

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page103
References
 “3900 Series Multi-Mode Base Station Product Description”

 “BTS3900 Hardware Description”

 “DBS3900 Hardware Description”

 “BTS3900A Hardware Description”

 “BTS3900L Hardware Description”

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page104
Objectives
 Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
 Describe the hardware structure of 3900 series NodeB

 Detail the functions of different subsystems and boards of 3900


series NodeB

 Describe the cables connection of 3900 series NodeB

 Describe the expansion and networking of 3900 series NodeB

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page105
Contents
1. 3900 series NodeB Overview

2. 3900 series NodeB Hardware

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page106
3900 series NodeB Position in
UMTS/GSM
UE/MS UTRAN/GBSS CN
Uu/Um

RNC
Iu-CS

Iub CS
A

NodeB3900
Abis

Gb
BSC PS

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page107
HUAWEI 3900 series NodeB
Main Module
 Standardized modules shared by all
NodeB types
 BBU and MRFU for Micro NodeB
RRU MRFU

 BBU and RRU for distributed NodeB

BBU

Indoor macro NodeB Indoor macro NodeB Distributed NodeB Outdoor macro NodeB
BTS3900 BTS3900L DBS3900 BTS3900A

1 2 3 4

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page108
BTS3900 System Overview

Single BTS3900 cabinet (–48 V Single BTS3900 cabinet (+24 V Single BTS3900 cabinet (220 V
DC) DC) AC)

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page109
Components of the BTS3900
 The BTS3900 consists of the BBU3900, MRFU, and the
indoor macro cabinet. The BBU3900 and the MRFU are
installed in the indoor macro cabinet

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page110
Components of the BTS3900

M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M
9U R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F
U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U

15U

2U FAN FAN FAN


1U Air inlet Air inlet Air inlet
1U

2U BBU BBU BBU


1U DCDU-01 DCDU-01 DCDU-01
PSU PSU PSU PSU
Cable PMU PSU PSU PSU
2U in/out
Cable in/out

-48V +24V 220V

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page111
BTS3900A System Overview

indoor macro
cabinet

BTS3900 BTS3900A

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page112
Components of the BTS3900A
 Dimensions (width x depth x
height)
 APM30H: 600 mm x 480 mm x 700
mm

 RFC: 600 mm x 480 mm x 700 mm

 Weight
 Empty cabinet: 135 kg

 Full configuration: 207 kg

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page113
BTS3900L System Overview
 The BTS3900L consists of the
BBU3900, RFUs, and indoor macro
cabinet
 The BBU3900 and RFUs are installed
in the indoor macro cabinet

 The BTS3900L supports the –48 V


DC power input.

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page114
Components of the BTS3900L
1: RFU

2: FAN unit

3: Air inlet

4: DCDU-01

5: BBU

6: Cabling space

7: Installation space for


transmission equipment

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page115
DBS3900 System Overview

DBS3900 components:

BBU3900
 Antenna
RRU3908, RRU3804, RRU3008
TMA
RRU3908
RF jumper
Grounding cable
MBSC Feeder

Power cable
RF jumper
CPRI cable

BBU3900
Grounding cable
Trunk cable Power cable

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page116
3900 Series NodeB Logical Structure
+24V DC /220V AC -48V DC

PSU Power
Module

DCDU-01

Iub BBU
RFU
RNC
Baseband Transmission
Control module RF Module
Antenna

Signal Power

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page117
3900 Series NodeB Characteristic
 Characteristics
 Transport types: E1/T1, FE (electrical port) and FE (optical port)
 Transmission types: ATM, IP and hybrids
 Synchronization clock sources: Iub interface clock, GPS and
internal clock
 Enhanced functions:HSPA+ (High Speed Packet Access+),
MIMO,64QAM, MBMS+ (Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast
Service+), and RAN sharing

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page118
3900 Series NodeB Capacity

CE Specification Cell Specification


BTS3900 1536 UL CE+ 1536 DL CE 1 x 1 to 3 x 8 or 6 x 4

BTS3900A 1536 UL CE+ 1536 DL CE 1 x 1 to 3 x 8 or 6 x 4

BTS3900L 1536 UL CE+ 1536 DL CE 1 x 1 to 3 x 8 or 6 x 4

DBS3900 1536 UL CE+ 1536 DL CE 1 x 1 to 3 x 8 or 6 x 4

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page119
Contents
1. 3900 series NodeB Overview

2. 3900 series NodeB Hardware

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page120
Contents
2. 3900 series NodeB Hardware
2.1 Board and Module of the BBU3900

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page121
BBU3900 Physical Structure (UO)

 Pannels & Boards

0 WBBP/UTRP 4 UTRP
PWR1
1 WBBP/UTRP 5 UTRP UPEU/UEIU
UBFA
2 WBBP/UTRP 6 WMPT PWR2
3 WBBP/UTRP 7 WMPT UPEU

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page122
BBU3900 Logical Structure (UO)

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page123
WMPT Board
 Maximum board number: 2
 Mandatory, working in active and standby mode
 Main function
 Providing OM functions and reference clock

 Processing signaling and managing resources for other boards

 Providing USB ports for automatic NodeB upgrading

 Providing transmission ports for Iub interface


Electrical Port:RJ45 Loading: USB Testing: USB 4E1:DB26

O&M:RJ45 Optical Port: SFP GPS antenna: SMA LEDs

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page124
WMPT Board—DIP Switch

Setting of SW 1 Setting of SW 2
120 Ω E1 75 Ω E1 Bit Balenced Mode Unbalenced Mode
Bit T1 Mode
Balanced Mode Unbalanced Mode
1 OFF OFF
1 ON OFF ON
2 ON OFF ON 2 OFF OFF

3 OFF ON ON 3 OFF ON
4 OFF ON ON 4 OFF ON

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page125
WBBP Board
 Mandatory Maximum board number: 4
 , work in resource pool mode

 Main function
 Providing the CPRI interface for communication between the
BBU and the RRU or MRFU

 Supporting the CPRI interface in 1+1 backup mode

 Processing uplink and downlink baseband signals

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page126
WBBP Board

Board Number of Cells UL CE Number DL CE Number


WBBPa 3 128 256

WBBPb1 3 64 64

WBBPb2 3 128 128

WBBPb3 6 256 256

WBBPb4 6 384 384

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page127
UTRP Board
 Maximum board number: 6
 Mandatory, work in active and standby mode

 UTRP Board is the general name of all the transmission extension


boards, including: UTRP3, UTRP4 and UTRP6
Board Port

UTRP2 Two universal FE/GE optical ports

UTRP3 Ports for eight ATM over E1s/T1s

UTRP4 Ports for eight IP over E1s/T1s

UTRP6 Port for one unchannelized STM-1/OC-3

UTRP9 Four universal FE/GE electrical ports

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page128
UPEU Board
 Maximum board number: 2, mandatory

 Main functions
 Converting -48 V or +24 V DC power to +12 V DC power

 Providing transmission ports for RS485 signals and dry contact alarm
signals

 Panel of the UPEA  Panel of the UPEB

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page129
UPEU Board—Port
EXT-ALM1 EXT-ALM0 MON1 MON0

Dry contact signal

RS 485 signal

PDF
sensor1 sensor2 sensor3 sensor4

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page130
MRFU Board
 Maximum board number: 6, mandatory

 Capacity
 Maximum output power 80W

 Supporting 6 carriers in GSM mode

 Supporting 4 carriers in UMTS mode

 Supporting 6 carriers in GU mode

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page131
Contents
1. BSC6900 System Overview

2. BSC6900 Hardware Structure

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page132
BSC6900 Position in UMTS/GSM
UE UTRAN CN
Uu Iu

Iub
BSC6900 Iu-CS

NodeB
CS
Iub

Iur

MBTS

Iub

NodeB Iu-PS PS
BSC6900

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page133
Capacity
 Maximum configuration 13400

 80,400 Erlang or 12,000 Mbit/s (UL + DL) PS


26800
data throughput

 3,060 NodeBs and 5,100 cells 40200

 Single-subrack solution 53600

 13,400 Erlang or 2,000 Mbit/s (UL + DL) PS


data 67000

throughput

 540 NodeBs and 1200 Cells 80400

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page134
Features
 Supporting GSM/UMTS dual-mode network and IPRAN
 Supporting dynamic data configuration and system capacity
expansion smoothly
 Supporting different types of clock sources
 Line Clock , BITS, GPS, external 8 kHz clock

 Supporting star, chain and tree networking with NodeBs


 Supporting E1/T1, STM-1, FE and GE
 Supporting HSPA+, MBMS+

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page135
Contents
1. BSC6900 System Overview

2. BSC6900 Hardware Structure

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page136
Contents
2. BSC6900 Hardware Structure
2.1 BSC6900 Cabinets and Subracks
2.2 BSC6900 subsystems and Boards

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page137
Cabinet

2200mm 2200mm

800mm 800mm

600mm 600mm

N68E-22 Cabinet (Single-door) N68E-22 Cabinet (Double-door)

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page138
Main Processing Rack (MPR)
 BSC6900 has one MPR POWER BOX
 Component:
2 EPS
 Main Processing Subrack (MPS)

 Extended Processing Subrack (EPS) 1 EPS

 Power Consumption≤ 4740W


0 MPS
 UMTS MPS Power Consumption ≤1560W

 UMTS EPS Power Consumption ≤1540W


MPR

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page139
Extended Processing Rack (EPR)
 BSC6900 has one EPR POWER BOX
 Component:
5 EPS
 Extended Processing Subrack (EPS)

 Power Consumption≤ 4720W 4 EPS

 UMTS MPS Power Consumption ≤1560W


3 EPS
 UMTS EPS Power Consumption ≤1540W

EPR

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page140
Power Distribution Box
 2 groups of 48 V inputs in 1+1 hot backup mode
 6 groups of independent 48 V outputs

POWER BOX
subrack2

subrack1

subrack0

(1) (2) Power distribution (3) Label for power distribution


PAMU switches switches

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page141
Subrack
436mm

12U

500mm

1 Fan box 2 Mounting ear 3 Guide rail

4 Front cable trough 5 Board 6 Grounding screw

7 DC power input port 8 Port for the monitoring signal cable 9 DIP switch

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page142
Dip Switch on the Subrack
 The DIP switch on the subrack has eight bits from 1 to 8
Bit
Subrack No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 0 0 0 0
0 ON ON OFF
ON ON ON ON ON
1 0 0 0 0
1 OFF ON OFF
OFF ON ON ON ON
0 1 0 0 0
2 OFF ON OFF
ON OFF ON ON ON
1 1 0 0 0
3 ON ON OFF
OFF OFF ON ON ON
0 0 1 0 0
4 OFF ON OFF
ON ON OFF ON ON
1 0 1 0 0
5 ON ON OFF
OFF ON OFF ON ON

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page143
UMTS MPS
 Only one MPS is configured in the BSC6900.
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
D D D D D D
P P P P P P O O
U U U U U U I I I I
M M
Rear panel / / / / / / N N N N
I I I I I I U U
N N N N N N
T T T T
c c
T T T T T T

Black Plane
S S S S G G
P P P P C C
S S S S S S S S U U U U U U
Front panel P P P P P P C C / / / / / /
D D D D G G
U U U U U U U U P P P P C C
U U U U G G
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page144
UMTS EPS
 A BSC6900 RNC can be configured with 0 to 5 EPSs.
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
D D D D D D
P P P P P P
U U U U U U I I I I I I I I
Rear panel / / / / / / N N N N N N N N
I I I I I I
N N N N N N
T T T T T T T T
T T T T T T

Black Plane
S S S S
P P P P
S S S S S S S S U U U U D D
Front panel P P P P P P C C / / / / P P
D D D D
U U U U U U U U P P P P
U U
U U U U
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page145
Contents
2. BSC6900 Hardware Structure
2.1 BSC6900 Cabinets and Subracks
2.2 BSC6900 Subsystems and Boards

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page146
BSC6900 Logical Structure

Clock (optional)

clock RNC
synchronization
subsystem
To NodeB
service
service
To other RNC service
transport processing
processing
switching processing
To MSC subsystem subsystem
subsystem
subsystem subsystem
To SGSN

BAM
BAM

LMT/M2000

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page147
Switching Subsystem
 The switching subsystem performs the following functions
 Providing data and signaling switching
 Providing intra-subrack Medium Access Control (MAC) switching

 Providing inter-subrack switching

 Providing OM channels

 Distributing clock signals and RFN signals to the service


boards

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page148
Switching Subsystem
 The structure of the switching subsystem

EPS

MP
S

EPS

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page149
Switching Subsystem
 Inter-Subrack Connection

EPS

MPS

EPS

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page150
SCUa Board
 Functions
 Supporting the port trunking function
 Providing a total switching capacity of 60 Gbit/s
 Providing configuration and maintenance of a subrack
 Monitoring the power supply, fans, and environment of the
cabinet
 Distributing clock signals and RFN signals for the BSC6900
 Working mode
 Located in the 6th & 7th slot
 Working in full-interconnection and dual-plane mode

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page151
SCUa Board EPS

 Cable connection
between SCUa

SCUa SCUa
(active)
(standby)

SCUa SCUa
(active)
MPS (standby)

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page152
Service Processing Subsystem
 The service processing subsystem performs the following
functions:
 User data and signaling processing

 Radio channel ciphering and deciphering

 Radio resource management and control

 System information and user message tracing

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page153
Service Processing Subsystem

signaling
signaling
signaling data signaling data
processingunit
processing
processing unit processing processing
processing unit processing
unit unit unit unit
SPU 0 DSP 0 SPU 0 DSP 0

SPU 7 DSP 21 SPU 7 DSP 21

PSPS
MMPS
M Switching Subsystem EPS
EPS
M PS

High-speed backplane channel

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page154
SPUb Board
 Component and functions
 8 independent units
signaling
Controllin signaling
Non-
 Main Processing Unit (MPU) g SPUb controlling
SPUb
 Managing the user panel SSN0 MPU SSN0 SPU

resources of the subrack


 Maintaining the load of the
control panel within the subrack
 Signaling Processing Unit (SPU) SSN7 SPU SSN7 SPU
 Processing upper-layer signaling over
the Uu, Iu, Iur, and Iub interfaces

 Work mode: active & standy

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page155
SPUa Board
 Component and functions
 4 independent units
signaling
Controllin signaling
Non-
 Main Processing Unit (MPU) g SPUa controlling
SPUa
 Managing the user panel SSN0 MPU SSN0 SPU

resources of the subrack


SSN1 SPU SSN1 SPU
 Maintaining the load of the
control panel within the subrack SSN2 SPU SSN2 SPU

 Signaling Processing Unit (SPU) SSN3 SPU SSN3 SPU

 Processing upper-layer signaling


over the A, Um, Abis, Ater, Uu, Iu,
Iur, and Iub interfaces
 Work mode: active & standy

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page157
DPUe Board
 Component
 22 DSPs

 Function
 Performs the functions of the GTP-U, IUUP, PDCP, RLC,
MAC, and FP protocols

 Processes the Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast


Service (MBMS)

 Work mode: resource pool

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page158
DPUb Board
 Component
 22 DSPs

 Function
 Processes and distributes the UMTS user-plane service data
 Multiplexing and demultiplexing signaling, CS data, and PS
data
 Performs the functions of the GTP-U, IUUP, PDCP, RLC, MAC,
and FP protocols
 Processes the Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service
(MBMS)

 Work mode: resource pool

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page159
Clock Synchronization Subsystem
CN BITS GPS 8kHz

MPS
R R GCUa/GCGa S
I I C
N N Clock module U
8kHz
T T a

19.44MHz, 32.768MHz, 8KHz

EPS 8kHz EPS


R S S R
I C C I To NodeB
N U U N
T a a T

19.44MHz, 19.44MHz,
32.768MHz, 8KHz 32.768MHz, 8KHz

High-speed backplane Clock cable


channel

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page160
GCUa/GCGa Board
 Functions
 Extracts timing signals from the synchronization
line signals, processes the timing signals, and
provides the timing signals and the reference
clock for the entire system
 Generates RFN signals for the system
 Supports active/standby switchover
 Work mode: active & standby

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page161
GCUa/GCGa Board
 Cable connection
between
GCUa/GCGa and
SCUa

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page162
2018/7/27 Security Level:

LTE Basic Principle


Version 1.0
 C&Wi售前网络规划部
C&Wi Pre-sale RNP Dept.

www.huawei.com
www.huawei.com

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential


Charter 1 LTE Background Introduction

1.1 LTE Concept and Design


Target

1.2 LTE Standardization Process

1.3 SAE Brief Introduction

1.4 SON Brief Introduction

1.5 3GPP Brief Introduction

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 164


LTE Background Introduction- Overview
 What is LTE?
 LTE (Long Term Evolution) is known as the evolution
of radio access technology conducted by 3GPP.
 The radio access network will evolve to E-UTRAN
(Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network), and
the correlated core network will evolved to SAE
(System Architecture Evolution).

 What can LTE do?


 Flexible bandwidth configuration: supporting 1.4MHz, 3MHz,
5MHz, 10Mhz, 15Mhz and 20MHz
 Peak date rate (within 20MHz bandwidth): 100Mbps for
3GPP aim to establish a new
downlink and 50Mbps for uplink
generation wireless communication
 Time delay: <100ms (control plane), <5ms (user plane)
system, which beyond the access
 Provide 100kbps data rate for mobile user (up to 350kmph)
capability of current technologies,
 Support eMBMS
supporting data services with high
 Circuit services is implemented in PS domain: VoIP
performance, to ensure the
 Lower cost due to simple system structure
leadership in the future 10 years.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 165


LTE Background Introduction- standard
 Procedure of LTE Standardization
 3GPP started LTE project in December 2004.
 The SI (Study Item) was planned to finish in June 2006 but has been delayed until September 2006. Finished
feasibility research and output technical reports.
 The WI (Work Item)/standard institution stage was started in September 2006. The first version was planned to
finished in September 2007 but has been delayed.
 LTE is in Stage3 (protocol) now and being discussed in work group meetings.
 Foresee the first GA protocol version will be released in the end of 2008. Protocol 36.xxx series are for LTE.
 The protocol is still under consummating.

LTE SI stage LTE WI stage


Delayed

LTE SI

LTE WI

LTE Rel8 LTE Rel8 LTE enhancement


(Approval) (Spec finished) and improvement

2005 2006 2006 2006 2006 2007 2007 2007 2007 2008 2008 2008 2008 2009
Dec Mar Jun Sep Dec Mar Jun Sep Dec Mar Jun Sep Dec Mar

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 166


LTE/SAE Architecture
SAE
SGSN
Gb EPS (Evolved Packet System)
Control plane
GPRS
Iu User plane
BTS BSC/PCU S3
S6d HSS PCRF

S10 S6a
S9
UMTS
MME Operator Service
NodeB RNC S4
S11 Gx
Network
S12
S1-MME
E-UTRAN S5/8
S1-U SGi
Internet
eNodeB Serving GW PDN GW

A10/A11
S2b Corporate
cdma2000 Internet
BTS
BSC PDSN

Copyright © 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page167
LTE Background Introduction-System Arch
 SAE Brief Introduction
 SAE(System Architecture Evolution)considers evolution for the whole system architecture, including:

 Flat Functionality. Take out the RNC entity and part of the functions are arranged on e-NodeB in order to reduce the
latency and enhance the schedule ability, such as interference coordination, internal load balance, etc.

 Part of the functions are arranged on core network. To enhance the mobility management, all IP technology is
applied, user-plane and control-plane are separated. The compatibility of other RAT is considered.

GERAN

SGSN HSS
UTRAN

S3 S6a
S1-MME
MME
PCRF
S4 Rx+
S11 S7
S10
“LTE-Uu”
Serving S5 PDN SGi
UE EUTRAN Operator ’s IP Services
SAE SAE (e.g. IMS, PSS etc.)
S1-U Gateway Gateway

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 168


S1-MME:Reference point for the control plane protocol between E-UTRAN and MME.
S1-U: Reference point between E-UTRAN and Serving GW for the per bearer
user plane tunnelling and inter eNodeB path switching during handover.
S3: It enables user and bearer information exchange for inter 3GPP access
network mobility in idle and/or active state.
S4: It provides related control and mobility support between GPRS Core and
the 3GPP Anchor function of Serving GW. In addition, if Direct Tunnel is not
established, it provides the user plane tunnelling.
S5: It provides user plane tunnelling and tunnel management between Serving
GW and PDN GW. It is used for Serving GW relocation due to UE mobility and if the
Serving GW needs to connect to a non-collocated PDN GW for the required PDN
connectivity.
S6a: It enables transfer of subscription and authentication data for
authenticating/authorizing user access to the evolved system (AAA interface)
between MME and HSS.
Gx: It provides transfer of (QoS) policy and charging rules from PCRF to Policy
and Charging Enforcement Function (PCEF) in the PDN GW.
S8: Inter-PLMN reference point providing user and control plane between the
Serving GW in the VPLMN and the PDN GW in the HPLMN. S8 is the inter PLMN
variant of S5.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 169


S9: It provides transfer of (QoS) policy and charging control information
between the Home PCRF and the Visited PCRF in order to support local breakout
function.
S10: Reference point between MMEs for MME relocation and MME to MME
information transfer.
S11: Reference point between MME and Serving GW.
S12: Reference point between UTRAN and Serving GW for user plane tunneling
when Direct Tunnel is established. It is based on the Iu-u/Gn-u reference point using
the GTP-U protocol as defined between SGSN and UTRAN or respectively between
SGSN and GGSN. Usage of S12 is an operator configuration option.
S13: It enables UE identity check procedure between MME and EIR.
SGi: It is the reference point between the PDN GW and the packet data network.
Packet data network may be an operator external public or private packet data
network or an intra operator packet data network, e.g. for provision of IMS services.
This reference point corresponds to Gi for 3GPP accesses.
Rx The Rx reference point resides between the AF and the PCRF in the
TS 23.203 [6].
SBc Reference point between CBC and MME for warning message delivery and
control functions.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 170


LTE Background Introduction-OM feature
 SON Brief Introduction
 SON (Self Organization Network) is the functions of LTE that required by the NGMN (Next Generation Mobile
Network) operators.
 From the point of view of the operator’s benefit and experiences, the early communication systems had bad
O&M compatibility and high cost. New requirements of LTE are brought forward, mainly focus on FCAPSI (Fault,
Configuration, Alarm, Performance, Security, Inventory) management:
 Self-planning and Self-configuration, support plug and play
 Self-Optimization and Self-healing
 Self-Maintenance

 Advantages of SON
 Reduce OPEX. Lower cost for operator in
planning, optimization and maintenance.
 Vendor promote the sale of features and
tools to reduce the cost of network
optimization after deployment.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 171


LTE Background Introduction-3GPP
 3GPP Brief Introduction
 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) is found in Dec. 1998, the wireless communication technology
standard organization, including the Organizational Partners: ARIB, CCSA, ETSI, ATIS, TTA, and TTC.
 3GPP consist of technical specification groups and management operation group.

 TSG(Technical Specification Groups )


 TSG GERAN: 2G
 TSG RAN: 3G and LTE
 TSG SA: Service and System Aspects
 TSG CT: Core Network and Terminals

http://www.3gpp.org

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 172


Charter 1 LTE Background
Introduction
Charter 2 LTE Network Architecture
and Protocol Introduction

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 173


LTE Network Architecture
 Main Network Element of LTE Compare with traditional 3G network, LTE
 The E-UTRAN consists of e-NodeBs, providing the architecture becomes much more simple and
user plane and control plane. flat, which can lead to lower networking cost,
 The EPC consists of MME, S-GW and P-GW. higher networking flexibility and shorter time
delay of user data and control signaling.
 Network Interface of LTE
 The e-NodeBs are interconnected with each other by means of the X2 interface, which enabling direct
transmission of data and signaling.
 S1 is the interface between e-NodeBs and the EPC, more specifically to the MME via the S1-MME and to the
S-GW via the S1-U
eNB RRC: Radio Resource Control
Inter Cell RRM PDCP: Packet Data Convergence
Protocol
RB Control RLC: Radio Link Control
Connection Mobility Cont. MAC: Medium Access Control
MME
MME / S-GW MME / S-GW Radio Admission Control
PHY: Physical layer
NAS Security EPC: Evolved Packet Core
eNB Measurement
Configuration & Provision
MME: Mobility Management Entity
Idle State Mobility
Handling
S-GW: Serving Gateway
Dynamic Resource
P-GW: PDN Gateway
S1

S1

Allocation (Scheduler)
EPS Bearer Control
RRC
S1

S1

PDCP
X2 E-UTRAN S-GW P-GW

eNB eNB RLC


Mobility UE IP address
MAC Anchoring allocation
X2

X2

S1
PHY Packet Filtering
internet

eNB E-UTRAN EPC

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 174


LTE Network Element Function
 e-Node hosts the following functions: eNB
 Functions for Radio Resource Management: Radio Bearer Inter Cell RRM
Control, Radio Admission Control, Connection Mobility Control,
RB Control
Dynamic allocation of resources to UEs in both uplink and
downlink (scheduling); Connection Mobility Cont.
MME
 IP header compression and encryption of user data stream; Radio Admission Control
NAS Security
 Selection of an MME at UE attachment; eNB Measurement
 Routing of User Plane data towards Serving Gateway; Configuration & Provision
Idle State Mobility
 Scheduling and transmission of paging and broadcast Dynamic Resource
Handling
Allocation (Scheduler)
messages (originated from the MME);
EPS Bearer Control
 Measurement and measurement reporting configuration for RRC
mobility and scheduling;
PDCP
S-GW P-GW
RLC
Mobility UE IP address
MAC Anchoring allocation
 MME (Mobility Management Entity) hosts the S1
following functions: PHY Packet Filtering
internet
 NAS signaling and security;
E-UTRAN EPC
 AS Security control;
 Idle state mobility handling;
 EPS (Evolved Packet System) bearer control;
 Support paging, handover, roaming and authentication.  S-GW (Serving Gateway) hosts the following functions:
 Packet routing and forwarding; Local mobility anchor point for

 P-GW (PDN Gateway) hosts the following functions: handover; Lawful interception; UL and DL charging per UE, PDN,

 Per-user based packet filtering; UE IP address allocation; UL and and QCI; Accounting on user and QCI granularity for inter-operator

DL service level charging, gating and rate enforcement; charging.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 175


Frequency Band of LTE
 From LTE Protocol:
FDD Frequency Band
 Duplex mode: FDD and TDD
 Support frequency band form 700MHz to 2.6GHz Uplink (UL) Downlink (DL) Duple
E-UTRA
x
 Support various bandwidth: 1.4MHz, 3MHz, 5MHz, Band FUL_low – FUL_high FDL_low – FDL_high
Mode
10MHz, 15MHz, 20MHz
1 1920 MHz – 1980 MHz 2110 MHz – 2170 MHz FDD
 Protocol is being updated, frequency information 2 1850 MHz – 1910 MHz 1930 MHz – 1990 MHz FDD
could be changed. 3 1710 MHz – 1785 MHz 1805 MHz – 1880 MHz FDD
TDD Frequency Band 4 1710 MHz – 1755 MHz 2110 MHz – 2155 MHz FDD
5 824 MHz – 849 MHz 869 MHz – 894MHz FDD
E-UTRA Duplex 6 830 MHz – 840 MHz 875 MHz – 885 MHz FDD
Uplink & Downlink
Band Mode – – FDD
7 2500 MHz 2570 MHz 2620 MHz 2690 MHz

33 1900 MHz – 1920 MHz TDD 8 880 MHz – 915 MHz 925 MHz – 960 MHz FDD

34 2010 MHz – 2025 MHz TDD 1749.9 – 1784.9 1844.9 – 1879.9 FDD
9
MHz MHz MHz MHz
35 1850 MHz – 1910 MHz TDD
10 1710 MHz – 1770 MHz 2110 MHz – 2170 MHz FDD
36 1930 MHz – 1990 MHz TDD 1427.9 – 1452.9 1475.9 – 1500.9 FDD
11
1910 MHz – 1930 MHz TDD MHz MHz MHz MHz
37
12 698 MHz – 716 MHz 728 MHz – 746 MHz FDD
38 2570 MHz – 2620 MHz TDD
13 777 MHz – 787 MHz 746 MHz – 756 MHz FDD
39 1880 MHz – 1920 MHz TDD
14 788 MHz – 798 MHz 758 MHz – 768 MHz FDD
40 2300 MHz – 2400 MHz TDD
… … … …
17 704 MHz – 716 MHz 734 MHz – 746 MHz FDD
... … …
Page 176 …
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential
Thank you
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