Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 88

Introduction to

HYDRAULICS & PNEUMATICS

Dr. M. Puviyarasan
Associate Professor in Mechanical Engineering ,
Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai-600 123.
Electric Aerospace Actuation System

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 2
Landing Gears

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 3
Landing Gears

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 4
Industrial - Hydraulics

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 5
Earth Mover

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 6
July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 7
Presentation Outline

 Vision & Mission of the institute

 Introduction

 MCQs

 Syllabus Overview

 Basic Law

 System Characteristics

 Applications

 Functions

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 8
Vi s i o n & M i s s i o n o f t h e P E C
Vision
The Department of Mechanical Engineering will be globally
recognized as a pioneer in Under Graduate Engineering
Programs through its excellence in teaching and research,
catering to the significant and evolving societal needs.
Mission
Mission 1: To serve the society by developing competent
engineers with outstanding leadership qualities and ethical
values.
Mission 2: To address the progressive needs of the society
and industry using modern engineering tools and cutting
edge technologies.
Mission 3: To inculcate the importance of professional
development within budding engineers through sustained
learning.
July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 9
Science, Engineering and Technology

Science is the reasoned investigation or study of


phenomena, aimed at discovering enduring
principles by employing formal techniques such
as the scientific method.

Engineering is the goal-oriented process of


designing and making tools and systems using
results and techniques from science.

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 10
Science, Engineering and Technology

The development of technology may draw upon


many fields of knowledge, including scientific,
engineering, mathematical, linguistic, and
historical knowledge, to achieve some practical
result.
Technologies are not usually exclusively
products of science, because they have to satisfy
requirements such as utility, usability and
safety.

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 11
Introduction
COURSE CODE : ME 6021

COURSE NAME : HYDRAULICS AND PNEUMATICS

BRANCH : MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SEM/YEAR : VII / FINAL YEAR

ACADEMIC YEAR : 2018 - 2019

FACULTY NAME : Dr. M. PUVIYARASAN,


M.E.(Design), Ph.D.(Materials Processing – Mechanical Engg.)
Associate Professor in Mechanical Engineering

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 12
Course Description / A bout the subject:
Fluid power plays an important role in many sectors of the economy:
aerospace, machine tools, agricultural, industrial, processing
equipment, transportation vehicles, etc.
This course provides students with a theoretical framework as well as
practical knowledge of fluid power systems.
Principles of operation, design criteria, performance characteristics,
operation, and maintenance of fluid power systems are discussed.
Advantages and limitations of fluid power, the prevailing industrial
standards, the ANSI/ISO graphic symbols used for circuit
representation, and performance of standard fluid power components
such as pumps, motors, valves, cylinders, etc. are studied.
Circuits for directional, speed, pressure, and flow control are discussed
relative to system performance goals. Through practical/demo lectures
and design project students will gain familiarity with the actual
components and fluid power circuits found in common industrial
applications.
July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 13
Instructor Bio.
Completed my research (PhD) in Mechanical Engineering-
Materials Processing from College of Engineering, Gundy
Campus, Anna University, one among the top ten technical
universities in India.

I have been teaching fluid power systems, machine design


and computer aided design at PEC since 2008.

Outside of the classroom, I have an active research program


investigating, Friction Stir Based Processes and Surface
Engineering.

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 14
Instructor Bio.
Most recently, my research group has focused on making
polymer nano-composites, refill friction stir spot welding,
analyzing strain rate sensitivity through superplastic
forming, microstructure evolution during materials process
and computational analysis on friction stir processing.
My work includes, obtaining optimum solutions by
developing artificial neural networks, genetic algorithms
and TOPSIS.
Published over 13 papers in Peer- reviewed reputed
Scientific Journals and 19 papers in various international
journals, international and national conferences.

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 15
Objectives
This course will give an appreciation of the
fundamental principles, design and operation of
hydraulic and pneumatic machines, components
and systems and their application in recent
automation revolution.

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 16
Importance of FPT

Today it would be difficult to identify a product


that has not been affected by fluid power at some
point along the route from raw material to final
installation.

Pre-requisite
Knowledge of engineering mathematics, fluid
mechanics and engineering mechanics.

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 17
MCQs
Multiple Choice Question
The scientific principle that makes hydraulic
systems possible is
(a) Pascal's law
(b) Boyle's law
(c) Bernoulli's principle
(d) the fluid flow principle.

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 19
Multiple Choice Question
The scientific principle that makes hydraulic
systems possible is
(a) Pascal's law
(b) Boyle's law
(c) Bernoulli's principle
(d) the fluid flow principle.

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 20
Multiple Choice Question
Which fluid is used in hydraulic power
systems?
a. water
b. oil
c. non-compressible fluid
d. all of the above

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 21
Multiple Choice Question
Which fluid is used in hydraulic power
systems?
a. water
b. oil
c. non-compressible fluid
d. all of the above

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 22
Multiple Choice Question
Pressure of 1 bar is equal to
a. 14.5 psi
b. 145 psi
c. 12.5 psi
d. 145 x 10-6 psi

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 23
Multiple Choice Question
Pressure of 1 bar is equal to
a. 14.5 psi
b. 145 psi
c. 12.5 psi
d. 145 x 10-6 psi

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 24
Multiple Choice Question
How is power transmitted in fluid power
systems?

a. power is transmitted instantaneously


b. power is transmitted gradually
c. both a. and b.
d. none of the above

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 25
Multiple Choice Question
How is power transmitted in fluid power
systems?

a. power is transmitted instantaneously


b. power is transmitted gradually
c. both a. and b.
d. none of the above

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 26
Multiple Choice Question
Why is fluid power preferred in mobile
vehicles?
1. Power can be transmitted without any delay
2.When overloaded, fluid power systems stop
without damaging the components
3. Speed variation cannot be achieved
4. Fluid is non-compressible

a. 1 and 4
b. 2, 3 and 4
c. 1, 2 and 4
d. 1 and 2
July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 27
Multiple Choice Question
Why is fluid power preferred in mobile
vehicles?
1. Power can be transmitted without any delay
2.When overloaded, fluid power systems stop
without damaging the components
3. Speed variation cannot be achieved
4. Fluid is non-compressible

a. 1 and 4
b. 2, 3 and 4
c. 1, 2 and 4
d. 1 and 2
July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 28
Multiple Choice Question
Pneumatic system is a type of fluid power
system.
(a) False
(b) True

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 29
Multiple Choice Question
Pneumatic system is a type of fluid power
system.
(a) False
(b) True

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 30
Multiple Choice Question
Consider the following statements:
1. Gases are considered incompressible when Mach
number is less than 0.2
2. A Newtonian fluid is incompressible and non-viscous
3. An ideal fluid has negligible surface tension
Which of these statement(s) is/are correct?
(a) 2 and 3
(b) 2 alone
(c) 1 alone
(d) 1 and 3

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 31
Multiple Choice Question
Consider the following statements:
1. Gases are considered incompressible when Mach
number is less than 0.2
2. A Newtonian fluid is incompressible and non-viscous
3. An ideal fluid has negligible surface tension
Which of these statement(s) is/are correct?
(a) 2 and 3
(b) 2 alone
(c) 1 alone
(d) 1 and 3

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 32
Multiple Choice Question
Bernoulli’s equation is derived by making
which one of the following assumptions?
(a) The flow is steady only
(b) The flow is uniform and incompressible
(c) The flow is non-viscous, uniform and steady
(d) The flow is steady, non-viscous,
incompressible and irrotational.

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 33
Multiple Choice Question
Bernoulli’s equation is derived by making
which one of the following assumptions?
(a) The flow is steady only
(b) The flow is uniform and incompressible
(c) The flow is non-viscous, uniform and steady
(d) The flow is steady, non-viscous,
incompressible and irrotational.

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 34
Multiple Choice Question
Generally liquids are non-compressible but
when a large pressure of 70 bar is applied,
petroleum oil can be compressed up to

a. 0.5% of its original volume


b. 1% of its original volume
c. 5% of its original volume
d. none of the above

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 35
Multiple Choice Question
Generally liquids are non-compressible but
when a large pressure of 70 bar is applied,
petroleum oil can be compressed up to

a. 0.5% of its original volume


b. 1% of its original volume
c. 5% of its original volume
d. none of the above

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 36
Multiple Choice Question
Water hammer in pipe lines takes place when
(a) fluid is flowing with high velocity
(b) fluid is flowing with high pressure
(c) flowing fluid is suddenly brought to rest by
closing a valve
(d) flowing fluid is brought to rest by gradually
closing a valve.

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 37
Multiple Choice Question
Water hammer in pipe lines takes place when
(a) fluid is flowing with high velocity
(b) fluid is flowing with high pressure
(c) flowing fluid is suddenly brought to
rest by closing a valve
(d) flowing fluid is brought to rest by gradually
closing a valve.

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 38
Multiple Choice Question
All experiments thus far indicated that there
can be a laminar flow in a pipe if the Reynolds
number is below:
(a) 2600
(b) 1800
(c) 2300
(d) 1600

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 39
Multiple Choice Question
All experiments thus far indicated that there
can be a laminar flow in a pipe if the Reynolds
number is below:
(a) 2600
(b) 1800
(c) 2300
(d) 1600

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 40
Multiple Choice Question
Surface tension is due to
(a) Viscous forces
(b) Cohesion
(c) Adhesion
(d) The difference between adhesive and
cohesive forces.

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 41
Multiple Choice Question
Surface tension is due to
(a) Viscous forces
(b) Cohesion
(c) Adhesion
(d) The difference between adhesive and
cohesive forces.

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 42
Multiple Choice Question
Newton’s law of viscosity depends upon the
(a) Stress and strain in a fluid
(b) Shear stress, pressure and velocity
(c) Shear stress and rate of strain
(d) Viscosity and shear stress.

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 43
Multiple Choice Question
Newton’s law of viscosity depends upon the
(a) Stress and strain in a fluid
(b) Shear stress, pressure and velocity
(c) Shear stress and rate of strain
(d) Viscosity and shear stress.

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 44
Multiple Choice Question
If a piece of metal having a specific gravity of
13.6 is placed in mercury of specific gravity
13.6, then
(a) The metal piece will sink to the bottom
(b) The metal piece will simply float over the
mercury with no immersion
(c) The metal piece will be immersed in mercury
by half
(d) The whole of the metal piece will be immersed
with its top surface just at mercury level.
July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 45
Multiple Choice Question
If a piece of metal having a specific gravity of
13.6 is placed in mercury of specific gravity
13.6, then
(a) The metal piece will sink to the bottom
(b) The metal piece will simply float over the
mercury with no immersion
(c) The metal piece will be immersed in mercury
by half
(d) The whole of the metal piece will be immersed
with its top surface just at mercury level.

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 46
Multiple Choice Question
If laminar flow takes place in two pipes, having
relative roughnesses of 0.002 and 0.003, at a
Reynolds number of 1815, then
(a) the pipe of relative roughness of 0.003 has
higher friction factor
(b) the pipe of relative roughness of 0.003 has a
lower friction factor
(c) both pipes have the same friction factor
(d) no comparison is possible due to inadequate
data
July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 47
Multiple Choice Question
If laminar flow takes place in two pipes, having
relative roughnesses of 0.002 and 0.003, at a
Reynolds number of 1815, then
(a) the pipe of relative roughness of 0.003 has
higher friction factor
(b) the pipe of relative roughness of 0.003 has a
lower friction factor
(c) both pipes have the same friction factor
(d) no comparison is possible due to inadequate
data
July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 48
Multiple Choice Question
Which type of pumps are normally used in
house hold applications?
(a) Non positive displacement pump
(b) Positive displacement pump
(c) Negative displacement pump
(d) Rotary pump

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 49
Multiple Choice Question
Which type of pumps are normally used in
house hold applications?
(a) Non positive displacement pump
(b) Positive displacement pump
(c) Negative displacement pump
(d) Rotary pump

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 50
Multiple Choice Question
Heavy lifting work is often accomplished by
shifting fluids in big machines. The power
system of such machines can be described as
(a) Reciprocating
(b) Pneumatic
(c) Hydraulic
(d) Hybrid.

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 51
Multiple Choice Question
Heavy lifting work is often accomplished by
shifting fluids in big machines. The power
system of such machines can be described as
(a) Reciprocating
(b) Pneumatic
(c) Hydraulic
(d) Hybrid.

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 52
Multiple Choice Question
A one-way valve that lets air into the reservoir
of a compressor, but doesn't let it out, is a
(a) check valve
(b) receiver valve
(c) control valve
(d) three way valve.

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 53
Multiple Choice Question
A one-way valve that lets air into the reservoir
of a compressor, but doesn't let it out, is a
(a) check valve
(b) receiver valve
(c) control valve
(d) three way valve.

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 54
End of
MCQs
Need for the Subject
To understand the fundamental principles of Hydraulics and
Pneumatics.
Fluid power is the muscle that moves all industries.
Practically every industrial process requires objects to be
moved, manipulated, held, or subjected to some type of force.
Three most commonly employed methods for producing the
required forces/motions are
 Electro mechanical - Motors, Solenoids, Levers, Cams
 Hydraulics - Liquids
 Pneumatics – Air

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 56
Source of Words
Hydraulics - Hydor (Greek for Water)

(hydraulikos) - aulos (Greek for Pipe)

Pneumatic - Pneumn (Greek for wind or breath)

Fluid power is the technology that deals with the


generation/conversion, control, and transmission of power,
using pressurized fluids (to perform useful work).

Fluid in general includes hydraulics (liquid like petroleum oil,


synthetic oil, water) and pneumatics (Gas like air).

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 57
UNIT I
FLUID POWER PRINCIPLES AND FUNDEMENTALS
(REVIEW) 3
Introduction to Fluid power
Advantages and Applications
Fluid power systems
Types of fluids
Properties of fluids
Basics of Hydraulics
Pascal’s Law
Principles of flow - Work, Power and Torque
Properties of air– Perfect Gas Laws.
July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 58
UNIT II
HYDRAULIC SYSTEM AND COMPONENTS 13
Sources of Hydraulic power: Pumping Theory – Pump
Classification- Construction, Working, Design, Advantages,
Disadvantages, Performance, Selection criterion of Linear,
Rotary- Fixed and Variable displacement pumps.
Hydraulic Actuators: Cylinders – Types and construction,
Hydraulic motors Control Components: Direction control,
Flow control and Pressure control valves- Types,
Construction and Operation- Applications – Types of
actuation.
Accessories: Reservoirs, Accumulators, Intensifiers, Pressure
Switches- Applications- Fluid Power ANSI Symbol.
July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 59
UNIT III
HYDRAULIC CIRCUITS 9
Industrial hydraulic circuits- Regenerative, Pump Unloading,
Double-pump,
Pressure Intensifier, Air-over oil, Sequence, Reciprocation,
Synchronization
Fail-safe, Speed control,
Hydrostatic transmission
Accumulators
Electro hydraulic circuits
Mechanical Hydraulic servo systems.

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 60
UNIT IV
PNEUMATIC SYSTEM 8
Compressors- Filter, Regulator, Lubricator
Muffler, Air control Valves
Quick Exhaust valves
Pneumatic actuators
Servo systems
Introduction to Fluidics
Pneumatic logic circuits.

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 61
UNIT V
DESIGN OF HYDRALIC AND PNEMATIC CIRCUITS 12
Design of circuits using the components of hydraulic system
for Drilling, Planning, Shaping, Punching Press
Selection, fault finding and maintenance of hydraulic
components
Sequential circuit design for simple application using cascade
method, Electro pneumatic circuits
Selection criteria of pneumatic components – Installation
fault finding and maintenance of pneumatic components
Microprocessor and PLC- Applications in Hydraulic and
Pneumatics- Low cost Automation
Hydraulic and Pneumatic power packs
July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 62
R eferences
TEXT BOOK
1. Anthony Esposito,” Fluid Power with Applications”, PHI / Pearson
Education, 2005.
REFERENCES
1. Shanmugasundaram.K, “Hydraulic and Pneumatic controls”, Chand &
Co, 2006.
2. Majumdar, S.R., “Oil Hydraulics Systems- Principles and Maintenance”,
Tata McGraw Hill, 2001
3. Majumdar, S.R., “Pneumatic Systems – Principles and Maintenance”,
Tata McGraw Hill, 2007.
4. Micheal J, Pinches and Ashby, J.G., “Power Hydraulics”, Prentice Hall,
1989.
5. Dudelyt, A Pease and John J Pippenger, “Basic Fluid Power”, Prentice
Hall, 1987.
6. Srinivasan. R, "Hydraulic and Pneumatic Control", IInd Edition, Tata
McGraw - Hill Education, 2012.

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 63
COUR SE OUT COMES
Upon successful completion of this course, the student will
Understand the fundamental principles involved in fluid power
systems.
Familiar with hydraulic system components (pumps, actuators,
valves, accumulators, intensifiers), symbols and their use.
Design and implement simple hydraulic systems for industrial
applications and Circuits using hydro-mechanical servo systems.
Familiar with Pneumatic system components (Compressors, FRL
Unit, Muffler, Air control Valves, Quick Exhaust valves), Servo
systems, Fluidics and Pneumatic Logic Circuits.
Design of Pneumatic circuits used for industrial applications and
Sequential circuit design for simple application using cascade
method.
Understand the selection, fault finding, maintenance and Power
packs of hydraulic and pneumatic components.
July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 64
Hydraulics / Oil H ydraulics
Employs pressurized liquid

Operates @ 200 bar or even much higher

Used in high load applications where accurate speed,


control/positioning is required.

Example: N.C Machine tool, Lifting machinery, Earth moving


equipment, agriculture machinery

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 65
Pneumatics
Employs compressed air
Operates at 5 to 10 bar (pressure is very limited)
Less expensive to build and operate
System can produce only low or medium size forces but
velocities obtained are usually high. (Because compressed air
expands very quickly)
Difficult to control the speed because of the compressibility of
air.
Example: Assembly line, Precision machining operations,
Locators, Industrial automation.

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 66
H istory
People have used the natural movement of both air &
water. Ex. Using sails on ships. (2500BC)
Wooden Valves to control water flow through bamboo
trees. (Chinese @ 4000 BC)
Built Masonry dam across Nile. (Egypt)
Roman engineers produced power (3HP) using vertical
wheels. (1st Century BC)
Recent History: Three items are very essential to the
existence and comfort of human kind. 1. Transportation,
2. Movement of water, 3. Generation & transmission of
power.
July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 67
Contribution of Individuals & Evolution
1650 – Blaise Pascal; fundamental law of physics on which the fluid
power systems are based.
1750 - Bernoulli developed his law of conservation of energy for a fluid
flow in a pipeline.
1795 – Joseph Bramah’s; built first hydraulic press
1850 – Full development of Bramah’s water press (Great Britain)
1906 – Electrical systems are replaced by hydraulic system for elevating
& controlling guns in the battle ship of U.S.S. Virginia, Solution of
sealing problems
1926 – US developed Self contained package includes Reservoirs,
pumps, controls & actuators; World war II; Navel Industry; Aviation
and aerospace industry - landing gears, gun drives, rudders, ailerons
and elevons;
During past 50 years – FPT rose to an important industry with the
increasing emphasis on automation, quality control, safety, and more
efficient energy systems; electro hydraulic closed-loop systems
July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 68
July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 69
Laminar flow is
in parallel paths.

Turbulence
results in flow
resistance.

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 70
PA SCA L’ S LAW
Basic principle of fluid power was developed by
Blaise Pascal.
In simple Pascal Law states that the pressure
generated at one point in a confined liquid acts
equally in all directions.
Pascal Law states that the Pressure exerted on a
confined liquid at rest is transmitted equally in all
directions, is the same at any point in a liquid, and acts in
all directions normal to the inside surfaces of the fluid
container.
Pascal’s law is valid irrespective of the
shape of the vessel.
Any change in the exerted pressure is
seen almost instantly throughout the
liquid.
Fluid in a system can be as rigid as steel
for the transmission of power.
July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 71
APPLICATION OF TH E LAW
The force applied to piston1 is multiplied by ten times.
Displacement is ten times lesser.

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 72
Various Systems
Hydrostatics vs Hydrokinetics

Types of Fluid Systems


Fluid Transport Systems – Transport fluids from one place
to another place to achieve some useful purpose.
Fluid Power Systems – Primarily designed to perform work.

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 73
July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 74
July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 75
Basic Components of
Hydraulic Systems

Hydraulic system
Basic Components of
Hydraulic Systems

Hydraulic system
Basic components of Pneumatic Systems

Pneumatic system
Basic components of Pneumatic Systems

Pneumatic system
Fluid power Systems: : System Characteristics
Accuracy of actuator movement
– Liquid can be compressed only slightly. Hydraulic systems
therefore can produce more accurate, easily controlled
movement of cylinders and motors than pneumatic
systems
– Compressibility produces a more ‘Spongy’ operation in
pneumatic systems; Not suitable where highly accurate
movement is required.

Operating Pressure
– Hydraulics: 200 bar or more
- Pneumatics: 5 to 10 bar; Extremely high pressure
pneumatic systems are normally not used.
July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 80
Fluid power Systems: : System Characteristics
Actuator Speed
– Pneumatic systems: When high speed movement is required
– Rapid response cylinder operation is also possible with
pneumatic systems
– Accuracy is low.

Component Weight
– Hydraulic systems operate at higher pressure requires the use
of stronger materials & more massive designs to withstand
the pressure.
– Pneumatic systems operate at much lower pressure can be
manufactured using light weight materials and designs that
minimize the amount of material.

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 81
Fluid power Systems: : System Characteristics
Cost
- Pneumatic systems are less expensive to build than hydraulic
systems.
- The operating cost of pneumatic system is medium because of
of the compression, conditioning & distribution of air.

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 82
A dvantages of Fluid power Systems (FPS)
(Compared with mechanical/electrical/electromechanical power transfer system)
Ease and accuracy of control by the use of simple levers and
buttons.
Can multiply forces simply and efficiently.
Infinite & stepless variable speed control for both linear and
rotary motion.
Constant force or torque is possible in FPS (irrespective of
work output moves a few millimeter or several meters per
minute)
Overloading the system simply stalls the actuator without
damage to the components. (more easily achieved/controlled
by using relief valves)
Provides an easy means of accurately controlling the speed of
machines and/or machine parts.
July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 83
A dvantages of Fluid power Systems (FPS)
Provides the ability to instantly stop and reverse linear and
rotary actuator.
Systems easily adapt to accommodate a range of machine
sizes and designs.
Systems readily adapt to external control methods, including
mechanical, pneumatic, electrical and electronic systems.
As the medium of power transmission is fluid, it is not
subjected to any breakage of parts as in mechanical
transmission.
The parts of hydraulic system are lubricated with the
hydraulic liquid itself.
Pneumatic systems provide clean operation with minimal fire
& explosion hazard. (So useful for painting & mining)

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 84
A dvantages of Fluid power Systems (FPS)
The FPS are more compact & simple than a mechanical drive
because it eliminates the need for links like cams & gears.
Because of the simplicity & compactness the cost is relatively
low for the power transmitted.
Large volumes of compressed air may be easily stored in
pneumatic systems to provide energy for intermittent, heavy
system demand.

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 85
Limita tions of Fluid power Systems (FPS)
(Compared with mechanical/electrical/electromechanical power transfer system)
Higher safety factors associated with high pressure oil and compressed
air. (Hydraulic elements have to be machined to a high degree of precision
which increases the manufacturing cost of the system)
Susceptibility to dirty environments, which can cause extreme component
wear without careful filtration.
Fluid leakage and spills cause a slippery messy work environment around
hydraulic equipment.
Fire hazard with hydraulic systems using combustible oils.
Special handling and disposal procedures for hydraulic oil required by
environmental regulations.
High cost of compressing and conditioning air for use in pneumatic
systems.
Reduced accuracy in actuator speed control in pneumatic systems caused
by compressibility of air.
Noise level of pneumatic systems when air is directly exhausted to the
atmosphere from components.
July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 86
Summary
Importance of FPT has been discussed.

Basic Law of Hydraulics was discussed.

Basic Components of hydraulic system and pneumatic


system has been discussed.

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 87
Engineering Problems are under-defined.
There are many solutions
– good, bad and indifferent.
The art is to arrive at a good solution.
This is creative activity, involving imagination, intuition and
deliberate choice.
- Ove Arup

THANK YOU !
muthupuvi@gmail.com

July 27, 2018 Dr. M. Puviyarasan, Associate Professor, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. Slide 88

Вам также может понравиться