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BJT AC Analysis
On the output side, the controlled-
current source is connected between
collector and emitter, Isource= Ib.
Ideally, the output impedance Zo .
Or, Zo = ro , as shown in the figure. At
this time, Ic Ib .
Normally, voltage gain Av and current
gain Ai are high.
For common-collector
configuration, this model is also
applicable. BJT AC Analysis
CE Fixed Bias Circuit
As shown in the figure, it is the common-
emitter fixed-bias configuration.
The input signal Vi is applied to the base
and the output Vo is off the collector.
The input current Ii is not the base current
and the Io is the collector current.
For small-signal analysis, VCC is replaced
with ground.
BJT AC Analysis
Those dc blocking capacitors C1 and C2 are
replaced with short circuits.
So the RB is in parallel with the input port
and RC output port.
BJT AC Analysis
Output impedance Zo:
From the definition of Zo , we get
Zo = RC ||ro
If ro 10RC , then
Zo RC
Voltage gain Av:
From the figure, we get
Vo =( - Ib )(RC ||ro)
BJT AC Analysis
And
Ib =Vi /( re)
So
=( - Vi / re)(RC ||ro)
Finally,
Av = Vo / Vi
= - (RC ||ro) / re
BJT AC Analysis
Phase relationship:
The negative sign in Av ,reveals that a
180 phase shift occurs between the input
and output signals.
This also means that a single-stage of
amplifier of this type is not enough.
The magnitude of output signal is larger
than that of input signal. But the
frequencies of them should be the
same.
BJT AC Analysis
Figure: re model for CE fixed-bias circuit
BJT AC Analysis
Figure: phase shift of input & output
BJT AC Analysis
Example 5.4
As shown in the figure, it is the common-
emitter fixed-bias configuration. Determine:
re , Zi , Zo, Av with ro = 50k .
Solution:
From dc analysis, we get
BJT AC Analysis
IE= (β+1) IB = (100+1) 24.04A
= 2.428mA
re = (26mV)/IE = (26mV)/ 2.428mA
= 10.71
Then, ac analysis
re = (100)(10.71 ) = 1.071 k
Zi = RB|| re = (470 k ) || (1.071 k )
= 1.069 k
BJT AC Analysis
Zo = RC || ro = (3 k ) || (50 k )
= 2.83k
Av = - (RC ||ro) / re = - 2.83k / 10.71
= - 264
From the Av ,we can see that the output
phase
signalwith the input
has been signal.but out of
amplified
BJT AC Analysis
Figure: Example 5.4
BJT AC Analysis
Voltage Divider
As shown in the figure, it isBias
the voltage
divider bias configuration.
Substituting re equivalent circuit, note
that:
RE is absent due to the low impedance of
the bypass capacitor CE .
When VCC is set to zero, one end of
R1
and RC are connected to ground.
R1 and R2 remain part
BJT AC of the input circuit
Analysis
Some parameter of the equivalent
circuit:
Input impedance Zi :
Zi = R1|| R2|| re
Voltage gainBJTAAC
v:
Analysis
Vo =( - Ib )(RC ||ro) =[- Vi /( re)] (RC ||ro)
=( - Vi / re)(RC ||ro)
So, Av = Vo / Vi = - (RC ||ro) / re
If ro 10RC , then
Av = Vo / - R C / re
Vi
180
Phasephase shift occurs between the input
relationship:
and output signals.
BJT AC Analysis
Figure: Voltage divider bias & its equivalent circuit
BJT AC Analysis
Example 5.5
As shown in the figure, it is the voltage
divider bias configuration. Determine:
re , Zi , Zo, Av with ro = 50k .
Solution:
dc analysis, testing RE >10 R2 ,
901.5k > 108.2k
135k > 82k
(satisfied) BJT AC Analysis
Using the approximate approach (Sec.
4.5, p155), we obtain:
R2
VB VCC 8.2k
22V 2.81V
R1 R2 56k
8.2k
VE = VB - VBE = 2.81V-0.7V = 2.11V
IE = VE / RE = 2.11V/1.5k =
r1.41mA
e = 26mV / IE = 26mV /
1.41mA
= 18.44
BJT AC Analysis
ac analysis,
Zi = R1|| R2||
re
= 56k || 8.2k || (90)(18.44
)
= 1.347k
Zo = RC ||ro
= 6.8k || 50k = 5.99k
Av= - (RC ||ro) / re = - 5.99k /18.44
= - 324
BJT AC Analysis
Figure: Example 5.5
BJT AC Analysis
CE Emitter Bias
As shown in the figure, it is the emitter bias
configuration, without CE .
Substituting re equivalent circuit, note that:
The resistance ro is ignored for
simplicity.
First, let us obtain Zb .
Vi =Ibre+ Ie RE =Ibre+(+1) Ib RE
So, Zb = Vi / Ib = re+(+1) RE
BJT AC Analysis
At input port, Zi = RB ||Zb
At output port,
Z o = RC
Vo = -Io RC = - Ib RC = - (Vi / Zb)
RC
So, Av = Vo / Vi = - R C / Z b
Phase relationship:
180 phase shift occurs between the
output and input signals.
BJT AC Analysis
Figure: Emitter bias & its equivalent circuit
BJT AC Analysis
Example 5.6
As shown in the figure, it is the emitter bias
configuration. Determine:
re , Zi , Zo, Av.
Solution:
dc analysis,
IB VCC V BE
B
R ( E
1)R20V 0.7V
470k (120 1) 35.89A
0.56k
BJT AC Analysis
IE= (β+1) IB = (120+1) 35.89A
=4.34mA
re = (26mV)/IE = (26mV)/ 4.34mA
= 5.99
Then, ac analysis
Zb = re+(+1) RE
=1205.99 + 121560
= 68.48 k
BJT AC Analysis
Zi = RB|| Zb = (470 k ) ||
(68.48k )
= 59.77 k
AZo== -RCR= 2.2
v C / Z k
b = -120 2.2k /
68.48k
= -3.86
For emitter bias with CE , see Ex.
5.7.
For emitter bias + voltage divider, see Ex. 5.8
& 5.9.
BJT AC Analysis
Figure: Example 5.6
BJT AC Analysis
Emitter-Follower
As shown in the figure, it is the emitter-
follower configuration.
Actually, it is a common-collector
network.
The output is always slightly less than the
input, but this is good for practical use.
Also the Vo is in phase with Vi and this
accounts for the name of “emitter-
follower”. BJT AC Analysis
The emitter-follower configuration has a high
input impedance and a low output impedance.
BJT AC Analysis
Substituting re equivalent circuit, note that:
The resistance ro is ignored because for
most applications a good approximation
for the actual results can still be
obtained.
First, the same as before, Zb is obtained:
Zb = re+(+1) RE
Then,
Zi = RB ||Zb
BJT AC Analysis
At output port,
Ie = (+1) Ib = (+1) (Vi /Zb )
So,
( 1)Vi
I e re ( 1)RE
If is sufficiently large, we
get Vi
Ie
re E
R
This means that is Ie generated by Vi .
BJT AC Analysis
Also, Vo is the potential drop across RE .
•So we construct a network from the
viewpoint of output port.
So, by setting the Vi to zero, we get
• Zo = RE ||re
Furthermore, from this network it is obvious that
RE
Vo Vi
RE e
r
BJT AC Analysis
This leads to
Vo RE
Av
Vi RE e
r
Since, RE is usually much greater than re ,
Av 1
Phase relationship:
Vo and Vi are in phase.
BJT AC Analysis
Figure: Emitter-follower & its equivalent circuit
BJT AC Analysis
Example 5.10
As shown in the figure, it is the emitter-
follower configuration. Determine:
re , Zi , Zo, Av.
Solution:
dc analysis,
IB VCC V BE
B
R ( E
1)R20V 0.7V
220k (100 1) 20.43A
3.3k
BJT AC Analysis
IE= (β+1) IB = (100+1) 20.43A
=2.063mA
re = (26mV)/IE = (26mV)/ 2.063mA
= 12.6
Then, ac analysis
Zb = re+(+1) RE
=10012.6 +
1013.3k
= 334.56 k
BJT AC Analysis
Zi = RB|| Zb = (220 k ) ||
(334.56k )
= 132.72 k
Zo = RE ||re = 3.3k ||12.6 = 12.55
Vo RE
Av 3.3k
Vi RE e 3.3k 0.9962
r 12.6
BJT AC Analysis
Figure: Example 5.10
BJT AC Analysis
Common-base
Configuration
As shown in the figure, it is the common-
base configuration.
It has a relatively low Zi and high Zo and a
current gain less than 1.
However, the Av can be quite large.
Substituting re equivalent circuit into the
network, note that:
BJT AC Analysis
The resistance ro is typically in the
M and can be ignored in parallel
Z i = RE || re
with
First,RC.
Then, Z o= R C
And Vo = - Io RC = Ic RC = Ie RC
With Vi = Ie re ,
So that Av = Vo / Vi = RC / re
BJT AC Analysis
At last, assuming RE >> re , we get
Ii = Ie
And
Io = - Ie = - Ii
So that Ai = Io / Ii = - -1
Phase relationship:
Vo and Vi are in phase in common-
base configuration.
BJT AC Analysis
Figure: Common-base & its equivalent circuit
BJT AC Analysis
Example 5.11
As shown in the figure, it is the common-
base configuration. Determine:
re , Zi , Zo, Av and Ai.
Solution:
dc analysis,
I E VEE V BE 2V 0.7V 1.3mA
R 1k
E
re = (26mV)/IE = (26mV)/ 1.3mA
= 20
BJT AC Analysis
Then, ac analysis
Zi = RE || re = 1 k || 20 =
19.61
Z
Aov=
=RCR=C /5rk
e
=0.985 k / 20 = 245
Ai = - = -0.98 -1
BJT AC Analysis
Figure: Example 5.11
BJT AC Analysis
Summary of Chapter 5
The re model is applied to the analysis of
transistor configurations:
Common-emitter:
Fixed bias; Voltage divider; Emitter
bias
Common-collector: emitter-follower
Common-base.
The calculation of those parameters, like
Vi ,
Vo , Ii , Io, Zi , Zo, BJT
AvACand Ai ,in the circuits.
Analysis