CMG Stars-Polymer Simulation Mechanism

Chemical Floods using STARS
cEOR Processes
cEOR Processes
 Polymer Flood
 “EOR” technique in which water-soluble polymers are added
to the injection fluids to increase the viscosity of injected water
and/or of the formation, to provide mobility control of the
fluids, improve the volumetric sweep efficiency and reduce the
channeling and the water breakthrough, all of which increase
the oil recovery factor.
Oil
zone
Water Polymer Oil

zone
3
Mechanisms
Mechanisms Present in the cEOR Processes
 Polymer Flood
 Increase of water viscosity
 Decrease of water mobility in the reservoir
 Increase of contact area in the reservoir improving the
volumetric swept efficiency
 Disproportioned permeability reduction (DPR effect)
5
Rock & Fluid interaction with Polymer
 Polymer Injection
 Interaction with the water:
 Increase of the water viscosity
 Shearing (shear thickening or thinning)
 Interaction with the oil:

 None or negligible interactions
 Interaction with the rock:

 Adsorption on the surface of the rock and reduction of
permeability
6
Rock & Fluid interaction with Polymer
 Mobility control
 Viscosity changes are calculated either via linear mixing rule
(default) or non-linear mixing rule
7
Polymer and Salinity
 Polymer viscosity changes with salinity

 Higher salinity causes a structural change in the polymer,
decreasing the ability of the polymer to cross linking, and
reduces the viscosity of polymer solution
8
How to Modelling cEOR Processes
in
STARS
Process Wizard for Polymer Flood
Process Wizard: Polymer Flood
 Step 1 - Choose Process screen:
11
 Step 1 - Choose Process screen:

 Select Alkaline, surfactant, foam and/or polymer model
12
 Step 2 - Flood Models:
13
 Step 2 - Flood Models:

 Select Polymer flood (add 1 component)
Polymer adsorption
Fraction of the Residual resistance
pore volume factor from “lab”
accessible to the
polymer molecules
Polymer consumption
Type and/or and/or degradation
density of rock for with time
the adsorption (half life requested)
conversion.
14
 Step 3 - Component Selection:

 Add a new polymer component if one has not been defined, or
 Change or update the polymer component that has already
been defined.
(1)
(2)
15
 Step 4 - Polymer adsorption:
Porosity used in the

Polymer adsorption lab
concentration in experiment.
weight %
Polymer adsorption
reported in lab
(mg / 100 g rock)
16
 Step 5 - Viscosity of the polymer solution:
Polymer
concentration in
weight %
Polymer solution
viscosity
(cps)
17
 Step 6 - Polymer molecular weight correction:

 Applied when the second option in the “component selection”
is chosen and the polymer molecular weight is greater than 8
kg/gmol.
18
Results of the Process Wizard
 Compositions
 Parts-per-million (ppm)  1 ppm  1 mg/l
ppm
 Weight percentage (wt%)  wt% 
1x10 4
ppm wt%
 Mass fraction (wt)  wt  6

1x10 100
( wti /Mwi )
 Mole fraction (dim)  xi  nc
 wt /Mw
i 1
i i
20
 Compositions
 Polymer Mass fraction
ppm wt%  0.1%

wt  6
 wt   0.001
1x10 100 100
 Polymer Mole fraction
( wti /Mwi )
 xi 
0.001/ 8   2.25475 x10 6
xi  nc 0.001 1  0.001
 wt /Mw
i 1
i i
8

0.01802
21
 Result 1 - Components generation
22
 Result 2 - Polymer consumption reaction

Kinetic
reaction rate
Stoichiometric
coefficients
Reaction
orders
Phase of the
reaction
Summary of
the reaction
23

9
MO4000 Viscosity Stability of 3 Polymers
8 KYPAM
ST5080
7
5
Viscosity (cp)
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time (days)
24
A kinetic reaction provides information about the speed with

which the reaction proceeds. The expression for the volumetric
reaction rate in STARS includes the following factors:
 Ea 
nc
rrf   Ciai  exp  Ci   f  S    xi
i 1  R T 
where:
rrf - Constant factor in the expression , known as “kinetic constant”
Ea - Activation energy, gives the dependence of reaction rate on temperature
T - Temperature,
R - Universal gas constant, and
Ci - Concentration factor contributed by reactant component “i”.
25
A kinetic reaction provides information about the speed with

which the reaction proceeds. The expression for the volumetric
reaction rate in STARS includes the following factors:
 Ea 
nc
rrf   Ciai  exp  Ci   f  S    xi
i 1  R T 
where:
ai - Order of reaction with respect to component “i”,
f - Effective porosity of fluids,
S - Saturation of the phase “” in which the component “i” is reacting,
ρ - Molar density of the phase “” in which the component “i” is reacting,
xi - Mole fraction of the comp. “i” from the phase in which it is reacting”
26
The concentration factor for component “i” in a solid phase if

exist is:
 n
Csk 
Ci  v  Csi  f  v  1   
 k  1  sk  P ,T  
where:
v - Void porosity,
Csk - Concentration of the component “k” in the solid phase,
 sk P ,T  - Density of the component “k” in the solid phase,
C si - Actual concentration of the component “i” in the porous space,
Ci - Concentration of the component “i” in the solid phase.
27
The kinetic rate for this first order reaction is:
Ln2    Ln2 
K RRFT  1  exp 
t1 / 2  t1 / 2 
where:
K - Kinetic reaction rate, (1/day),

t1 / 2 - Half-life, (day)
  Ln2   1
RRFT  1  exp   0.00384341 day
 180 
28
Typically, the stoichiometric coefficients are based on one mole of

one of the reactive components.
The user is responsible for ensuring that the stoichiometric

coefficients entered as data represent a mass-conserving set. A set
of mass-conserving coefficients will satisfy:
nc nc
 Mw  Sto1   Mw  Sto2
i 1
i i
i 1
i i
where:
Mwi - Molecular weight of the component “i”,
Sto1i - Stoichiometric coefficient of the component “i” as reactant,
Sto2i - Stoichiometric coefficient of the component “i” as product.
29
Assuming the following reaction:
aA  bB  cC
The stoichiometric coefficients can be calculated using these
simple expressions:
a ma Mwb a ma Mwc
   
b Mwa mb c Mwa mc
where:
a ,b ,c - Moles of components A, B, and C respectively,

ma,mb,mc - Mass of components A, B, and C respectively.
30
The stoichiometric coefficients for this first order reaction are:
a Polymer w   b Water w 
a ma Mwb  Mwa   mb   mb   fmb 
  b  a        
b Mwa mb  Mwb   ma   ma   fma 
Usually the stoichiometric coefficient for the main reacting

component is chosen equal to 1, so:
 8 kg / gmol   1
b  1        443.951
 0.01802 kg / gmol   1 
31
 Result 3 - Polymer adsorption - (Table)
Phase where the

component “i” is
Component “i” encountered
Composition
ranges
Adsorption ranges
Phase to apply
the permeability Adsorption rock
reduction types
Residual Maximum
adsorption adsorption
1. Totally reversible Fraction of PV
(Adrt = 0), accessible
2. Partially reversible
(0 < Adrt < Admaxt), Residual
3. Totaly irreversible resistance factor
(Adrt = Admaxt),
32
 Result 3 - Polymer adsorption - (Calculations)
 r  1   
Ad iStars  Ad ilab 

where:
Ad iStars - Adsorption of component “i”, to be used in STARS (gmol/m3),

Ad ilab - Adsorption obtained in laboratory, (mg polymer/100 gr-rock)
 r - Rock density (gr/cm), and
 - Porosity.
 If Ad ilab , is the maximum adsorption that can be obtained, then

it should be used in STARS like *ADMAXT.
 The adsorption can be done reversible or irreversible using
the residual adsorption (ADRT = 0 ó ADRT = ADMAXT)
33
 Result 3 - Polymer adsorption - (Calculations)
 1  0.2494 
g
mg Polymer 2.65 3
Ad iStars  50  cm  Cf
100 grrock 0.2494
 1 kg   100 3 cm 3   1 gmol  gmol  cm 3

Cf        
   0.125
 1 x 10 6
mg   1 m 3
  8 kg  mg  m 3
AdiStars  0.498469 gmole/m 3
34
 Result 4 - Permeability Reduction - (Equilibrium Blockage)
Rk , Permeability reduction factor

Rk  1  RRF  1 
Ad cell
ADMAXT RRF , Residual resistance factor to the phase
kef  , Effective permeability of phase 

k r  k abs
kef   k abs , Absolute permeability of the rock
Rk
kr , Relative permeability of phase 
35
 Result 5 - Polymer viscosity - (Concentration dependence)
Polymer viscosity (as pure

component) calculated by
the wizard
Non-linear mixing rule for

the viscosity
36
The maximum
polymer
concentration is
extrapolated to
consider future
optimizations
How the wizard

get the f(x)?
37
The viscosity of the liquid phases are obtained by applying the

following linear mixing rule:
 
nc
xi , Mole fraction of component “i”
Ln    Ln i  xi
i 1
i ,Viscosity of component “i” in the liquid phase
obtained from the correlation of viscosity or from the
table assigned to simulator.
In the case that the viscosity of the phase is non-linear (ex. in

presence of solution gas, polymers, etc), the simulator uses a
modified mixing rule to represent these changes in the viscosity:
 
nc
Ln    Ln i  f xi  f xi , Is a function of the mole fraction, xi,
i 1 of the component “i”
38
The function f(x) can be

determined graphically or
numerically:
1  xi   Ln    x j  Ln j 
nc
f xi   j i
1  xi   Lni    x j  Ln j 
nc
j i
39

Viscosity vs Polymer Concentration
12.0
10.0
Viscosity of the Mix

(Water+Polymer)
y = 3E+12x2 + 1E+06x + 0.8177
8.0 R² = 0.9892
Cps
6.0
Lab Viscosity
4.0
Poly. (Lab Viscosity)
2.0
0.0
0.00E+00 5.00E-07 1.00E-06 1.50E-06 2.00E-06
Polymer Mole Fraction
1  xi   Ln    x j  Ln j 
nc
f xi   j i
1  xi   Lni    x j  Ln j 
nc
j i
40
Manual input options
 Option 1 - Polymer adsorption - (Langmuir Isotherm) Phase where the

component “i” is
encountered
Component “i”
tad1
tad2
tad3
Phase to apply
the permeability Adsorption rock
reduction types
Residual Maximum
adsorption adsorption
1. Totally reversible Fraction of PV
(Adrt = 0), accessible
2. Partially reversible
(0 < Adrt < Admaxt), Residual
3. Totaly irreversible resistance factor
(Adrt = Admaxt),
42
 Option 1 - Polymer adsorption - (Langmuir Isotherm)
Ad iStars 
tad1  tad2  xnacl   ci
1  tad3  ci 
where:
tad1 - 1st parameter in the Langmuir expression (gmol/m3),

tad2 - 2nd parameter in the expression associated with salt effects (gmol/m3),
tad3 - 3rd parameter in the Langmuir expression, (dim)
xnacl - salinity of the brine, and
ci - Mole fraction of the component “i”.
43
 Option 1 - Polymer adsorption - (Langmuir Isotherm)
Assuming “tad2” negligible and reordering:

 tad1  tad3  ci
Ad iStars    
 tad3  1  tad3  ci 
where:
 tad1  - Maximum adsorption, and occurs when:tad3  c  10 , because
  i
 tad3  tad3  ci 10
of 1 , therefore “tad3” could be calculated as: tad3 
1  tad3  ci  ci
10
tad3  -6
 4435081.495
2.25475x10
gmol
tad 1  AdiStars  tad3  0.498469  4435081.495  2210750.638
m3
44
 Option 1 - Polymer adsorption - (Langmuir vs. Table)
6.E-01
Adsorption (gmol/m3 PV)
5.E-01
4.E-01 Be careful when use

just one value to
3.E-01 consider the adsorption
by tables
2.E-01
1.E-01
0.E+00
0.E+00 1.E-06 2.E-06 3.E-06 4.E-06 5.E-06
Composition (mole fraction)

Langmuir Isotherm Coefficient Option Table Option
45
 Option 2 - Non-Newtonian Behavior
STARS, can represent this behavior with the keywords:

*SHEARTHIN,
*SHEARTHICK, & 16
*SHEARTAB Polymer Conc =1500
Calculated from power

8 equation
Viscosity (cp)
Water Viscosity at 52°C, cp
Shear Rate Polymer Concentration, mg/L 4
1/Sec 500 1000 1500
0.6624 2 7 10
6.624 1.9 5 9.2
2
66.24 1.9 3.8 6.1
1
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Shear Rate (1/sec)
46

SR  k  k r    Sl
Requires calculation of velocity Vel 
SRF  10066
where:
Vel = Velocity (cm/sec),
SR = Shear rate (1/sec),
 SRF = Shear rate factor (dim),
k = Absolute permeability (Darcy),
 kr = Relative permeability (dim),
  = Porosity (fr),
Sl = fractional saturation at residual oil,
10066 = Conversion Factor
47

n 1
 3n  1  n
SRF  C   
 4n 
where:
n = shear thinning power exponent (default = 0.5) ,
C = constant value, usually equal to 6.
See keyword (SHEAR_FAC) in STARS user guide or SPE 18089.
Note: The velocity used internally in STARS and the velocity viewed in
Result 3D are different.
 The former is the averaged velocity weighted by the phase mobility on each
connection of the grid. This does not output to SRF.
 The latter is the vectorial sum of the velocities in I, J and K direction.
48
 Option 2 - Non-Newtonian Behavior (Sheartab keyword)
Using Builder
 1  f  xi  nc
Ln      x j  Ln j 
 1  xi  j i
Lni  
f xi 
49
 Option 2 - Non-Newtonian Behavior (Sheartab keyword)
SR  k  k r    Sl
Vel 
SRF  10066
n 1
 3n  1  n
SRF  C   
 4n 
50
 Option 2 - Non-Newtonian Behavior (Shearthin keyword)
The bounded power law relation between apparent fluid viscosity

app and Darcy fluid velocity ui is:
l ,p , for ul  ul ,lower

 
app  l ,p  ul ,ulower
l
nthin 1
, for ul ,lower  ul  ul ,upper

l ,0 , for ul  ul ,upper
where:
 app = Apparent viscosity, (cps)
ul,upper = Upper velocity boundary, (m/day), when app = l,0
ul,lower = Lower velocity boundary, (m/day), when app = l,p
51
 Option 2 - Non-Newtonian Behavior (Shearthin keyword)
**Power in viscosity shear thinning

equation
1000 Sheartab Keyword
Shearthin Keyword
100
Viscosity (cps)
Power (Sheartab
10 Keyword)
 = 10.891x(velocity)-0.478
1
R² = 0.9732
0.1
0.0000001 0.0001 0.1 100 100000
Velocity (m/day)
52
Up-Scaling Methods
Up-Scaling Methods
High Pressure Scaling

Reservoir Fluids
Reservoir Porous Medium Different Porous Media

Reservoir Pressure Conditions Different Pressure Drops
Reservoir Temperature Conditions Same Initial Temperature
#2 #4
Geometric Scaling Satisfied Geometric Scaling is Relaxed to Scale
Gravity Scaling is not Effects of Dispersion
#3 #1 #5
Geometric Scaling is Relaxed to Scale Geometric Scaling is Satisfied Geometric Scaling is Relaxed to Scale
Gravitational effects Pressure-Temperature Relationship is not Effects of Dispersion
(Pujol and Boberg – SPE 4191)
Kimber et al, “New Scaling Criteria and their Merits for Steam Recovery Experiments” JCPT Vol 27, Pg. 86-94
Up-Scaling Methods
 #1 – Same Fluids, Different Porous Media, Different

Pressure Drop, Geometry Similarity
Property Ratio (Model/Field)

Length RL
Porosity 1.0
Permeability 1/RL
Injection Rate RL
Pressure Drop RL
Time RL2
Does not work for ASP because it does not conserve velocity
Up-Scaling Methods
 Due to velocity dependence of ASP floods (capillary number), up-

scaling should be modified to preserve velocity.
 Due to pressure dependency of many properties, up-scaling
methods should also preserve pressure.
 The modified scaling parameters are as follows:
Length RL
Volume RV
Porosity 1.0
Permeability 1/RL
Injection Rate RL/RV
Pressure Drop 1.0
Time 1/RL
Cumulative Production 1/RV
Up-Scaling Methods
 #2 – Same Fluids, Same Porous Media, Same Pressure Drop,

Geometry Similarity

Length RL
Height RL
Porosity 1.0
Permeability 1.0
Injection Rate RL
Pressure Drop 1.0

Time RL2
Does not tested yet

Up-Scaling Methods

Geometry Scaling Relaxed

Length RL
Height RL2
Porosity 1.0
Permeability 1.0
Injection Rate RL2
Pressure Drop 1.0

Time RL2
Does not tested yet

Up-Scaling Methods

Geometry Scaling Relaxed

Length RL
Height RL1/2
Porosity 1.0
Permeability 1.0
Injection Rate RL1/2
Pressure Drop 1.0

Time RL2
Does not tested yet

Up-Scaling Methods
 #5 – Same Fluids, Different Porous Media, Different

Pressure Drop, Geometry Scaling Relaxed

Length RL
Height RL2/5
Porosity 1.0
Permeability 1/RL2/5
Injection Rate RL8/5
Pressure Drop RL8/5

Time RL4/5
Does not tested yet

Conclusions
 Use of combinations of chemical treatments to optimize

performance
 Due to the complex of the chemical flooding process, it is
very field specific
 Role of numerical model:
 Useful in pre-pilot design stage
 Useful in post-pilot analysis stage
 Useful for full field production extensions
Recommendations
QUESTIONS??

CMG Stars-Polymer Simulation Mechanism

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Исходное описание:

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

CMG Stars-Polymer Simulation Mechanism

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Chemical Floods using STARS

Water Polymer Oil

 Interaction with the oil:

 Interaction with the rock:

 Polymer viscosity changes with salinity

 Step 1 - Choose Process screen:

 Step 1 - Choose Process screen:

 Step 2 - Flood Models:

 Step 2 - Flood Models:

 Step 3 - Component Selection:

 Step 4 - Polymer adsorption:

Porosity used in the

 Step 5 - Viscosity of the polymer solution:

 Step 6 - Polymer molecular weight correction:

ppm wt%  0.1%

 Polymer Mole fraction

 Result 1 - Components generation

 Result 2 - Polymer consumption reaction

 Result 2 - Polymer consumption reaction

 Result 2 - Polymer consumption reaction

A kinetic reaction provides information about the speed with

 Result 2 - Polymer consumption reaction

A kinetic reaction provides information about the speed with

 Result 2 - Polymer consumption reaction

The concentration factor for component “i” in a solid phase if

 Result 2 - Polymer consumption reaction

The kinetic rate for this first order reaction is:

K - Kinetic reaction rate, (1/day),

 Result 2 - Polymer consumption reaction

Typically, the stoichiometric coefficients are based on one mole of

The user is responsible for ensuring that the stoichiometric

 Result 2 - Polymer consumption reaction

Assuming the following reaction:

a ,b ,c - Moles of components A, B, and C respectively,

 Result 2 - Polymer consumption reaction

The stoichiometric coefficients for this first order reaction are:

Usually the stoichiometric coefficient for the main reacting

 Result 3 - Polymer adsorption - (Table)

Phase where the

 Result 3 - Polymer adsorption - (Calculations)

Ad iStars - Adsorption of component “i”, to be used in STARS (gmol/m3),

 If Ad ilab , is the maximum adsorption that can be obtained, then

 Result 3 - Polymer adsorption - (Calculations)

 1 kg   100 3 cm 3   1 gmol  gmol  cm 3

AdiStars  0.498469 gmole/m 3

 Result 4 - Permeability Reduction - (Equilibrium Blockage)

Rk , Permeability reduction factor

kef  , Effective permeability of phase 

 Result 5 - Polymer viscosity - (Concentration dependence)

Polymer viscosity (as pure

Non-linear mixing rule for

 Result 5 - Polymer viscosity - (Concentration dependence)

How the wizard

 Result 5 - Polymer viscosity - (Concentration dependence)

The viscosity of the liquid phases are obtained by applying the

In the case that the viscosity of the phase is non-linear (ex. in

 Result 5 - Polymer viscosity - (Concentration dependence)

The function f(x) can be

 Result 5 - Polymer viscosity - (Concentration dependence)

Viscosity of the Mix

Polymer Mole Fraction

 Option 1 - Polymer adsorption - (Langmuir Isotherm) Phase where the