PR 1

Practical Research 2
Nature of Inquiry and

Research
( Week 1-2)
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
Nature of Inquiry and Research
Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the learners are expected to:
[
1. describe the characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and

kinds of quantitative research
2. illustrate the importance of quantitative research across
fields
3. differentiate kinds of variables
CS_RS12-Ia-c-1-3
In tro d u c to ry Ac tivity
Express your agreement or disagreement on

the following Brain Facts. Think of ways for you to
verify the statements in the next two slides.
It is a systematic inquiry that is designed to collect,

analysed, interpret data to understand , describe, or predict
phenomenon (Mertens, 2015). Still, some authors emphasize
that research is “the formal and disciplined application of
scientific inquiry to the study of problems” (Navarro & Santos,
2011).
Presentation
What is quantitative research?
Quantitative research design

involves the process of
collecting empirical data,
analyzing, interpreting, and
writing the results of the study.
It is designed to produce
statistical reliable data that
show how people do or think of
something.
Characteristics of Quantitative
Research
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
1.Reliability- the degree to which the results of the

research are consistent.
2. Validity - the degree to which measurements and

observation of the study represent of what they
suppose to characterize.
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
3. Replicability - the degree to which the study have

enough information for verification of results and by
repeating the study.
4. Generalizability - the degree to which the results of

the study can be generalized , or are meaningful.
Strengths and Weaknesses of

Quantitative Research
Strengths of Quantitative Research
1. Findings can be generalized if selection process

is well-designed and sample is represents study
population.
2. Relatively easy to analyze.
3. Data can be consistent, precise, and reliable

Strengths of Quantitative Research

4. Clear documentation can be provided regarding
the content and application
5. Standardized approaches permit the study to be
replicated in different areas or over time with the
production of comparable findings.
6. It is possible to control for the effects of
extraneous variables that might result in misleading
interpretations of causality.
Weaknesses of Quantitative Research

1.Many kinds of information are difficult to obtain through
structured data collection instructions, particularly
sensitive topics such as domestic violence or income.
2.The administration of structured questionnaire creates an
unnatural situation that may alienate respondents.
3. Research methods are inflexible because the instruments

cannot be modified once the study begins

4. Studies are expensive and time-consuming, and
even the preliminary results are usually not
available for a long period of time.
5. Reduction of data to number results in lost of

information.
6. Untested variable may account for program

impacts.
7. Errors in the hypotheses tested may yield

misimpressions of program quality or influential
factor.
8. Error in the selection of procedures for
determining statistical significance can result in
erroneous findings regarding impact.
Valuing
Before deciding on doing something,

reflecting on one’s strengths and weaknesses is
important. To become successful, one should be
able to turn such weaknesses today to become
his/her strengths tomorrow.
Reflect on the quote on the next slide. Be
ready to share your reflection to the class.
Kinds of Quantitative Research

1. Experimental research design
Experimental research design is based on a

scientific method called experiment. It is composed of
the experimental group wherein an intervention is
given and control group which is not given any
treatment or intervention.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
Types:
A. True experimental design– the respondents are
randomly selected, thus it is bias-free to ensure
objectivity of the result. It is considered as the best way
to examine causal relationship.
B. Quasi-experimental design– respondents are purposely
selected which makes it prone to biases and is not
capable of establishing cause-and-effect relationship.
NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
Non-experimental research design is often used in the

fields of social sciences. This type of research design
involves variables the way they naturally exist.
Types:
A. Survey– describes the attitudes, views, feelings,
preferences, and other behavior of the respondent
In cross-sectional survey, a researcher

collects information from a sample drawn from a
population. It involves collecting data at one point of
time. The period of data collection can vary and it
depends on the study weightage.
For example: You administer a questionnaire

on broadband usage among 500 university
students for information dissemination using
research network. The university students may
comprise 20-23 year old students. The students
could be males and females from different course
backgrounds in a particular university. In this case,
the data you obtain is derived from a cross-section
of the population at one point of time.
In longitudinal surveys, data collection is

done at different points of time to observe the
changes. Two common types of longitudinal
surveys are Cohort Studies and Panel Studies.
In Cohort Studies, a researcher specifies population

(e.g. IT subordinates in an organization dealing with security
audit and penetration tests) and lists the names of all
members of this population. At each data collection point, a
researcher will select a sample of respondents from the
population of IT subordinates doing security audit and
penetration testing and administer a questionnaire. This is
then repeated at another point of time. Although the
population remains the same, different respondents are
sampled each time. The researcher’s aim here is to see if
there are changes in perceptions or trends that occur in the
study.
In Panel Studies, a researcher can identify a

sample from the beginning and follow the respondents
over a specified period of time to observe changes in
specific respondents and highlight the reasons why these
respondents have changed.

B. Descriptive– data collection is observational in nature,
it seeks to describe the present condition of a variable or
phenomenon. Ex Post Facto– describes what is presently
taking place in order to come up with the explanation of
its past.
C. Causal-comparative– the researcher compares two or

more groups in terms of cause ( or independent
variable ) that has already happened.
D. Correlational research– uses correlational statistics to
describe and measure the degree or association ( or
relationship ) between two or more variables
Importance of Quantitative
Research Across Fields
VARIABLES
INTRODUCTORY ACTIVITY
• The class shall be divided into four groups.
• Each group will be assigned to analyze the
image in one slide in order to come up with
the meaning of variables.
• Each group will present their analysis to the
class after three minutes.
Kinds of Variables and their Uses

Example:
Exercises:
Identify the dependent and independent
variables in each study.
Other types of variables
Extraneous variables are controlled by the experimenter

but they do not give in the control, they become
confounding variables that can strongly influence the
study. Extraneous variables can also be referred to as “
nuisance variable”.
Other types of variables ( Russell, 2013 & Babbie, 2013 )
1. Constant variables do not undergo any changes

during an experiment
2. Attribute variables refer to the characteristics of
people such as intelligence, creativity, anxiety, learning
styles, etc.
3. Covariate variables create interactions with the
independent and dependent variable
4. Continuous variables are use in interval or ratio scale

of measurement
5. Dichotomous variables have only two possible results:
one or zero
6. Latent variable cannot be directly observed like
personality traits
7. Manifest variables can be directly observed to give

proofs to latent variables
8. Exogenous variables are found outside an identified
model
9. Endogenous variables are found inside; as part of
identified model
EVALUATION
I. DYAD ACTIVITY
1. Make a mind map showing the importance,

characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses of
quantitative research.
2. Be ready to present your output to the class.

II. TRUE or FALSE
1. Personality traits are examples of latent variables.

2. Extraneous variables are as important as independent
variables.
3. All variables are controllable.
4. Extraneous variables are nuisance variables.
5. Variables that do not change are known as constant
variables.
II. Writing a critique paper

1. Search for an example of quantitative research
( related to your strand ).
2. Make a critique paper of the study you have
searched. Be guided by the kinds of
quantitative research, its characteristics,
and strengths and weaknesses
presented.
3. The critique paper must be printed in short bond
paper ( double space, Times New Roman, 12
pt).
The critique paper shall be evaluated using the following rubric:

A. Page 1 ( 1 pt )
Title of the article (study), journal information (source ),
your name and date.
B. Page 2 ( 2 pts )
Write an abstract summarizing the article.
C. Starting page 3 ( 8 pts )
Write an essay about:
1. The problem
2. Review of Literature
3. Design and Procedure
4. Data analysis and Procedure
5. Conclusion and Implications
D. Overall Assessment - 1 paragraph ( 4 pts)
Total - 15 pts.
Sources:
• Baracero, Esther ( 2016 ) Practical Research 2. Rex
Bookstore
• Calderon, F. & Gonzales, E.(1993) Methods of
Research and Thesis Writing, National
Bookstore: Mandaluyong City
• www.bcps.org
• www.changingminds.org
• www.cirt.gcu.edu
• www.libweb.surrey.ac.uk

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Practical Research 2

Nature of Inquiry and

1. describe the characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and

Express your agreement or disagreement on

It is a systematic inquiry that is designed to collect,

Quantitative research design

CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

1.Reliability- the degree to which the results of the

2. Validity - the degree to which measurements and

CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

3. Replicability - the degree to which the study have

4. Generalizability - the degree to which the results of

Strengths and Weaknesses of

Strengths of Quantitative Research

1. Findings can be generalized if selection process

2. Relatively easy to analyze.

3. Data can be consistent, precise, and reliable

Strengths of Quantitative Research

Weaknesses of Quantitative Research

3. Research methods are inflexible because the instruments

Weaknesses of Quantitative Research

5. Reduction of data to number results in lost of

6. Untested variable may account for program

Weaknesses of Quantitative Research

7. Errors in the hypotheses tested may yield

Before deciding on doing something,

Kinds of Quantitative Research

1. Experimental research design

Experimental research design is based on a

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

Non-experimental research design is often used in the

In cross-sectional survey, a researcher

For example: You administer a questionnaire

In longitudinal surveys, data collection is

In Cohort Studies, a researcher specifies population

In Panel Studies, a researcher can identify a

NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

C. Causal-comparative– the researcher compares two or

Kinds of Variables and their Uses

Other types of variables

Extraneous variables are controlled by the experimenter

Other types of variables ( Russell, 2013 & Babbie, 2013 )

1. Constant variables do not undergo any changes

Other types of variables ( Russell, 2013 & Babbie, 2013 )

4. Continuous variables are use in interval or ratio scale

Other types of variables ( Russell, 2013 & Babbie, 2013 )

7. Manifest variables can be directly observed to give

1. Make a mind map showing the importance,

2. Be ready to present your output to the class.

II. TRUE or FALSE

1. Personality traits are examples of latent variables.

II. Writing a critique paper

The critique paper shall be evaluated using the following rubric:

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