Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Pivotal Questions:
- What are polymers?
- How are polymer chains formed?
- What influences the properties of
polymers?
- How are polymers made into consumer
products?
- What happens to discarded polymers?
Definition of Polymers
A polymer is a bonded chain of repeated units with
covalent bonds from end to end.
Poly= many
Mer = unit
Monomers and Oligomers
Monomer – A single building block in a polymer chain
Oligomer – a few monomers bonded together
An oligomer becomes a polymer when the addition of
one more monomer has no measurable effect on
physical properties
Structural Units (or repeat units)
The smallest part of a
polymer chain that
repeats.
The degree of
polymerization is
four for the polymer
at the right
Backbones and Substituents
The backbone is the Common Substituents
long repeating center of
the polymer chain -H
-C–C–C–C–C– - OH
Substituents are atoms
- Cl
or groups of atoms that
attach to the backbone. - CH3
- Flows like viscous liquids
when heated and does so
through several reheatings
- Stronger bonding
between adjacent chains
- More resistant to
degradation but harder to
recycle
Random: No Block: Long runs of one
particular order monomer followed by a
run of the other
Alternating: each
monomer is followed by Graft: Chains of one monomer
the other bond as a substituent to chains of
the other
Polymer Blends
Formed by the mechanical mixing of polymers
No bonding between the different monomers
Allow for shaping of properties without new synthesis
process
Polymer Names
Every polymer has three levels of names:
Acrylics
Contain at least 85% PAN (polyacrylonitrile)
Polyamides
Polyamides contain amide groups (CONH2)
Major types:
Polyurethanes
Aliphatic Thermosets (rubbers)
Glass Transition Temperature (Tg)
Corresponds to the onset of large-scale segmental
motion
Addition Polymerize
Comments on Addition
Each chain made have thousands of repeat units but
will have exactly two end groups
YIELDS
O O
HO C C O-CH2CH2-OH + H2O
Condensation
Molecular Weight Distributions
Because a polymer has many chains with different
lengths, molecular weight represents an average value
for the sample
m
RMM
1.0001
The RMM of a chain is the RMM of the repeat unit
times the degree of polymerization
For a 10,000 unit chain of
polyethylene
RMM = 10,000*[(2*12) + (4*1)] = 280,000
But not if
Tacticity
The relative configuration of adjacent pairs of carbon
atoms (dyads) in the polymer backbone
Wire Coating
Blown Films
Injection Molding
Melt Spinning
Schematic of an Extruder
Coating of a Wire
Injection Molding
Symbol Material Common Uses