Mobile & Wireless

Lecture # 1
By
Engr. Sajjad karim
Communications
 The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing at
one point either exactly or approximately a message selected at
another point - Claude Shannon

destination
source

Transmission Media
Why Digital
 Easy to regenerate the distorted signal
Regenerative repeaters along the transmission path can detect a digital
signal and retransmit a new, clean (noise free) signalThese repeaters
prevent accumulation of noise along the pathThis is not possible with
analog communication systems

 Finite-state signal representation

The input to a digital system is in the form of a sequence of bits
(binary or M-ary)

 Immunity to distortion and interference

Digital communication is rugged in the sense that it is more immune to
channel noise and distortion
Why Digital
 Hardware is more flexible
Digital hardware implementation is flexible and permits the use of
microprocessors, mini-processors, digital switching and VLSI
Shorter design and production cycle

 Low cost
The use of LSI and VLSI in the design of components and systems
have resulted in lower cost

 Easier and more efficient to multiplex several digital signals

Digital multiplexing techniques – Time & Code Division Multiple
Access - are easier to implement than analog techniques such as
Frequency Division Multiple
 Why Digital
Can combine different signal types – data, voice, text, etc.
 Data communication in computers is digital in nature whereas voice
communication between people is analog in nature
 The two types of communication are difficult to combine over thesame
medium in the analog domain.
 Using digital techniques, it is possible to combine both format for transmission
through a common medium

Can use packet switching

Encryption and privacy techniques are easier to implement

Better overall performance

 Digital communication is inherently more efficient than analog in realizing
the exchange of SNR for bandwidth
 Digital signals can be coded to yield extremely low rates and high fidelity as
well as privacy
 Why Digital

Good processing techniques are available for digital signals, such as

 Data compression (or source coding)
 Error Correction (or channel coding)
 Equalization
 Security
 Easy to mix signals and data using digital techniques

Disadvantages
 Requires reliable “synchronization”
 Requires A/D conversions at high rate
 Requires larger bandwidth

Performance Criteria
 Probability of error or Bit Error Rate
Basic Digital Comm. Transformations
Formatting/Source Coding
 Transforms source info into digital symbols (digitization)
 Selects compatible waveforms (matching function)
 Removes redundancy so as to compress the required information

Modulation/Demodulation
 Modulation is the process of modifying the info signal to facilitate
transmission
 Demodulation reverses the process of modulation. It involves the
detection and retrieval of the info signal
 Types
Coherent: Requires a reference info for detection
Non coherent: Does not require reference phase information
Basic Digital Comm. Transformations
Coding/Decoding
 Translating info bits to transmitter data symbols
 Techniques used to enhance info signal so that they are less vulnerable
to channel impairment (e.g. noise, fading, jamming, interference)
 Two Categories
• Waveform Coding
Produces new waveforms with better performance
• Structured Sequences
Involves the use of redundant bits to determine the occurrence
of error (and sometimes correct it)
Basic Digital Comm. Transformations
Multiplexing/Multiple Access
 Is synonymous with resource sharing with other users
 Frequency Division Multiplexing/Multiple Access (FDM/FDMA)
 Time Division Multiplexing/Multiple Access (TDM/TDMA)
 Code Division Multiplexing/Multiple Access (CDM/CDMA)
 Spread Spectrum (SS) Techniques
It is usually used to protect privacy, protect against interference and
allow flexible access to resources
 Common techniques include
• Direct Sequence (DS) Spread Spectrum –DSSS
• Frequency Hopping (FH) Spread Spectrum -FHSS
Wireless

 Wireless is a term used to describe telecommunications in which

electromagnetic waves (rather than some form of wire) carry the piece
of information over part or the entire communication path
 Wireless communication System Definitions

Base Station:
A fixed station in a mobile radio system used for radio communication with
mobile stations. Base stations are located at the centre or on the edge of coverage
region and consists of radio channels and the transmitter and the receiver antennas
mounted on a tower.

Control Channel:
Radio channel used for the transmission of call setup, call request, call initiation
and other control purposes

Forward Channel:
Radio channel used for the transmission of information from the base station to the
mobile
Wireless communication System Definitions

Full Duplex System: Communication system which allow simultaneous

two-way communication. Transmission and reception is typically on two
different channels.

Half Duplex System: Communication systems which allow two-way

Communication by using the same radio channel for both the transmission
and reception. At any given time the user can only either transmit or
receive information.

Handoff: The process of transferring a mobile station from one channel or

base station to another.
Wireless communication System Definitions

Mobile Station: A station in the cellular radio service intended for use while in
motion at unspecific locations

Mobile Switching Center: Switching Center coordinates the routing of calls in a

large service area. In a cellular radio system, the MSC connects the cellular base
stations and the mobiles to the PSTN, also called Mobile Telephone Switching
Office (MTSO)

Reverse Channel: Radio channel used for transmission of information from the
mobile to the base station

Simplex System: Communication system which provide only one way

communication
Wireless

 Wireless communication has always lagged far behind wired

communication.

Year Network type Wireless rate Wired Rate

1999 Wide Area Cellular,10kb/s DSL 1MB/s

Network

2004 Wide Area Fixed Broadband,1 Cable, Modem

Network MB/s VDSL 10MB/s

2004 Local area 802.11, 5-30Mb/s Ethernet 100-1000

Network MB/s
Wireless

Three Killers in wireless

 Rapidly varying SNR

Worst-case received SNR dominates performance

 Multipath delay spread >> T

Many “echoes” are received, ruining our perfect pulses. “Intersymbol
Interference”
biggest problem in achieving high data rates.

 Multiple access interference

Must share the spectrum with others
Wireless
Rapidly varying SNR

 Mobility causes the received SNR to change Quickly

 Solution Diversity
Facilitate more than one independent channel

Diversity Types:
 Spatial (multiple antennas)
 Time (Coding/Interleaving, adaptive modulation)
 Frequency (spread spectrum and multicarrier)
Wireless
 Solutions to Multipath
There are three common solutions

1. Equalization: Receiver filters out the echoes

• A traditional approach • Used in TDMA cellular and many
applications

2. Multicarrier Modulation: Use many parallel channels,

each with a low data rate, e.g. OFDM

3. Spread Spectrum: Send artificially fast, resolve the

echoes individually using modulation structure
• Conveniently also allows potential of “multiple access”
• CDMA, 3G cellular, 802.11b, UWB
Wireless

Multiuser interference

 Wireless frequency spectrum is limited

 All wireless users inherently interfere with each other

(Power falls off rapidly with distance)

 How to divide the resources and be robust to interference?

Wireless
 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA).
-Simple and effective
- high-Q RF filters

 Then, TDMA was popular

- Better for digital than FDMA
-Still with weaknesses, inc. synchronization, poor
freq. reuse, equalization

 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Each user uses a unique code, receiver that knows that code can extract
out the desired user
Pre-cellular wireless

 One highly-elevated, high-powered antenna in a large

service area

 Small number of channels (few users)

 Analog transmission, inefficient use of spectrum (no

frequency reuse)

 Very low capacity, power-inefficient

Pre-cellular wireless
 First patent for wireless telephone?
1908 to Nathan B. Stubblefield of Murray, Kentucky

 zero generation (0G) of mobile telephones introduced in?

In 1945, such as Mobile Telephone Service, were not cellular, and so
did not feature "handover" from one base station to the next and reuse
of radio frequency channels

 Cells for mobile phone base stations were invented in?

1947 by Bell Labs engineers at AT&T and further developed by Bell
Labs during the 1960s

 The concepts of frequency reuse and handoff was first introduced in?
May 1979 (Patent) to Charles A. Gladden and Martin H.
Parelman,