TOPI C:- PAVEMENT

DESIGN

SUBMI TED TO: SUBMI TE

ASSISTANT PROF.
GAJENDRA
D BY:
RANJAN KUMAR
RAGHUWANSHI
WHAT IS A PAVEMENT?

 A multi layer system that distributes the vehicular loads over a

larger area

2
WHAT IS A PAVEMENT?

OR
 Highway pavement is a structure
consisting of superimposed layers of
selected and processed materials whose
primary function is to distribute the
applied vehicle load to the sub grade.
OR
 It can also be defined as “structure
which separates the tires of vehicles
from the under lying foundation.”

3
WHAT IS A PAVEMENT?

 Pavement is the upper part of roadway,

airport or parking area structure
 It includes all layers resting on the
original ground
 – It consists of all structural elements or
layers, including shoulders

4
FUNCTIONS OF THE
PAVEMENT
 Reduce and distribute the traffic loading so
as not to damage the subgrade
 – Provide vehicle access between two
points under all-weather conditions
 – Provide safe, smooth and comfortable
ride to road users without undue delays and
excessive wear & tear
 – Meet environmental and aesthetics
requirement
 – Limited noise and air pollution
 – Reasonable economy

5
REQUIREMENTS OF PAVEMENT
STRUCTURE
 Sufficient thickness to spread loading to a pressure
intensity tolerable by subgade
 Sufficiently strong to carry imposed stress due to
traffic load
 Sufficient thickness to prevent the effect of frost
susceptible subgade
 Pavement material should be impervious to
penetration of surface water which could weaken
subgade and subsequently pavement
 Pavement mat. shd be non-frost susceptible
 Pavement surface shd. be skid resistant
6
CLASSIFICATION OF PAVEMENTS

7
TYPES OF PAVEMENT

PAVEMENTS

Flexible Pavements Rigid Pavements

8
 FLEXIBLE
PAVEMENTS

Asphalt Concrete Aggregate Base Course

Natural Soil (Subgrade)

Aggregate Subbase Course
9
 FLEXIBLE
PAVEMENTS

Given Wheel Load

150 psi
Wearing C.
Base
Sub-base
3 psi Sub-grade

10
Load Distribution in Flexible Pavements
RIGID
PAVEMENTS

11
 RIGID
PAVEMENTS

12
Load Distribution in Rigid Pavements
 PAVEMENTS
COMPARISON

 DeepFlexible
foundations / multi layer construction
pavements:
 Energy
• consumption due to transportation of
materials
• Increasing cost of asphalt due to high oil
prices •
Rigid pavements
• Single layer
• Generally last longer
• May require asphalt topping due to noise / comfort
issues
13
 PAVEMENTS
COMPARISON

• Heavy
vehicles consume less fuel on rigid
pavements

• Rigid
pavements more economic when
considering environmental / life14-cycle costing
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT

 “A flexible pavement is a
structure that maintains
intimate contact with and
distributes load to the sub
grade and depends on
aggregate interlock, particle
friction and cohesion for
stability”

15
 FLEXIBLE
PAVEMENT
OR
 It is a structure which distributes the
traffic loading stresses to the soil (sub
grade) at a magnitude that will not shear
or distort the soil i.e., from 150 psi to 3 psi
OR
 Pavement which reflects deformation of
sub grade & the subsequent layers on to
the surface” i.e.; load is transmitted from
grain to grain through contact points of
granular material, i.e. in a compressive
way. 16
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT

Flexible pavements
 Elastic
 Three main layers
 Surfacing
 Wearing course
 Base course

 Road base
 Sub base
 Supported by Sub-grade
17
LOAD DISTRIBUTION IN FLEXIBLE
PAVEMENTS

18
STRUCTURE OF FLEXIBLE
PAVEMENT
 In order to take maximum advantage of
this property, material layers are usually
arranged in order of descending load
bearing capacity with the highest load
bearing capacity material (and most
expensive) on the top and the lowest
load bearing capacity material (and least
expensive) at the bottom.
19
 STRUCTURE OF FLEXIBLE
PAVEMENT
– Surface Course: This is the top layer
and the layer that comes in contact with
traffic.
– Base Course: This is the layer directly
below the surface course and generally
consists of aggregates (either stabilized
or un-stabilized).
– Sub-base Course: This is the layer (or
layers) under the base layer. A sub-
base is not always needed.
20
 STRUCTURE OF FLEXIBLE
PAVEMENT

– Sub-grade Course: The "sub-grade" is

the material upon which the pavement
structure is placed. Although there is a
tendency to look at pavement
performance in terms of pavement
structure and mix design alone. The sub-
grade can often be the overriding factor in
pavement performance.

21
SURFACE COURSE

 The surface course is the layer in contact

with traffic loads and normally contains
the highest quality materials. It provides
characteristics such as friction,
smoothness, noise control, rut and
shoving resistance and drainage.

22
BASE COURSE
 The base course is immediately beneath the surface
course. It provides additional load distribution and
contributes to drainage and frost resistance. Base courses
are usually constructed out of:
 Aggregates: Base courses are most typically constructed
from durable aggregates that will not be damaged by
moisture or frost action. Aggregates can be either
stabilized or un-stabilized.

23
Lime rock Base Course Undergoing Fina2l4Grading
SUB-BASE COURSE
 The sub-base course is between the base course
and the sub-grade. It functions primarily as
structural support but it can also:
 Minimize the intrusion of fines from the sub-grade
into the pavement structure.
 Improves drainage.
 Minimize frost action damage.
 Provides a working platform for construction.

25
SUB-BASE COURSE
 The sub-base generally consists of lower quality
materials than the base course but better than the sub-
grade soils.
 A sub-base course is not always needed or used.
 For example, a pavement constructed over a high
quality, stiff sub-grade may not need the additional
features offered by a sub-base course so it may be
omitted from design.

26
SUB-GRADE

• Sub-grades be composed of a wide

range of materials although some are
much better than others. This
subsection discusses a few of the
aspects of sub-grade materials that
make them either desirable or
undesirable and the typical tests used
to characterize sub-grades.

27
Sub-grade Preparation Sub-grade Failure Crack
28
TYPES OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT

Dense-graded

Open-graded Gap-graded 29
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT – CONSTRUCTION

30
TYPES OF PAVEMENTS

31
TYPES OF PAVEMENTS

32
TYPES OF PAVEMENTS

33
TYPES OF PAVEMENTS

34
TYPICAL LOAD DISTRIBUTION IN FLEXIBLE
PAVEMENT

Wheel Load

Bituminous Layer

35
Sub-grade
RIGID PAVEMENT
 Rigid pavements are those, which contain
sufficient beam strength to be able to bridge
over the localized sub-grade failures and
areas of in adequate support.
OR
 Load is transmitted through beam action of
slab in rigid pavements.
OR
 Rigid pavements are those, which reduces
the stress concentration and distributes the
reduced stresses uniformly to the area under
the slab.
36
RIGID PAVEMENT
 Rigidity – does not deform under stress
 Concrete – air entrained increases resistance
to frost damage and de-icing salt corrosion
 Reinforcement – may be bars or mesh.
Continuous rigid pavements have heavy
reinforcement
 Joints – used in non-continuous pavements to
allow for thermal movement. Includes a ‘filler’
and surface sealant
 Rigid pavements – laid as single layer by
‘concrete paver’
37
RIGID
PAVEMENTS

38
BASIC COMPONENTS OF CONCRETE PAVEMENT

39
CONCRETE PAVER

40
 RIGID
PAVEMENTS

41
Load Distribution in Rigid Pavements
RIGID PAVEMENTS
 Because of its relative rigidity, the
pavement structure distributes loads over
a wide area with only one, or at most
two, structural layers.
 There are other types of surfaces also
i.e.; reinforced, continuously reinforced
etc.

42
STRUCTURE OF RIGID PAVEMENT

 Surface course. This is the top layer, which consists

of the PCC slab, reinforced or continuously reinforced
slabs .
 Base course. This is the layer directly below the PCC
layer and generally consists of aggregate or stabilized
sub-grade.
 Sub-base course. This is the layer (or layers) under
the base layer. A sub-base is not always needed and
therefore may often be omitted.

43
 SURFACE
COURSE

• The surface course is the layer in contact with

traffic loads and is made of PCC or RCC. It
provides characteristics such as friction,
smoothness, noise control and drainage. In
addition, it serves as a waterproofing layer to the
underlying base, sub-base and sub-grade.
• The surface course can vary in thickness but is
usually between 150 mm (6 inches for light
loading) and 300 mm (12 inches for heavy loads
and high traffic). Figure shows a 300 mm (12 inch)
surface course.
44
PCC Surface

Rigid Pavement Slab

(Surface Co45urse) Thickness
BASE COURSE

• The base course is immediately beneath the

surface course. It provides
• Additional load distribution,
• Contributes to drainage and frost resistance,
• Uniform support to the pavement and
• A stable platform for construction equipment. Bases also
help and prevent sub grade soil movement due to slab
pumping. Base courses are usually constructed out of:
– Aggregates base. A simple base course of crushed
aggregates has been a common option since the
early 1900s and is still appropriate in
many situations. 46
 BASE COURSE
– Stabilized aggregate or soil. Stabilizing agents
are used to bind otherwise loose particles to
one another, providing strength and cohesion.
Cement treated bases (CTB s) can be built to as
much as 20 - 25 percent of the surface course
strength.
– Dense-graded HMA. In situations where high
base stiffness is desired base courses can be
constructed using a dense-graded HMA layer.
– Permeable HMA. In certain situations where high
base stiffness and excellent drainage is desired,
base courses can be constructed using an open
graded HMA. 47
Completed CTB with Curing Seal Lean Concrete Base Material

48
 SUB-BASE
COURSE

• The sub-base course is the portion of the pavement

structure between the base course and the sub-grade.
It functions primarily as structural support but it can
also:
– Minimize the intrusion of fines from the sub-grade into the
pavement structure.
– Improves drainage.
– Minimizes frost action damage.

– Provides a working platform for construction.

• The sub-base generally consists of lower quality
materials than the base course but better than the sub-
grade soils. Appropriate materials are49aggregates and
high quality structural fill.
TYPES OF RIGID PAVEMENT
 Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement (JPCP)

50
TYPES OF RIGID PAVEMENT
 Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement (CRCP)

51

Photo from the Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute

RIGID PAVEMENT –
CON struction

Slipform

Fixed form

52
 PAVEMENTS
COMPARISON

 DeepFlexible
foundations / multi layer construction
pavements:
 Energy
• consumption due to transportation of
materials
• Increasing cost of asphalt due to high oil
prices •
Rigid pavements
• Single layer
• Generally last longer
• May require asphalt topping due to noise / comfort
issues
53
PAVEMENTS COMPARISON

54
TYPES OF PAVEMENT FAILURE

 Failure criteria
 Flexible Pavements
 Fatigue Cracking,
 Rutting,
 Thermal Cracking,
 Rigid Pavements
 Fatigue Cracking,
 Pumping or Erosion
 Others: Faulting, spalling, joint
deterioration
55
FLEXIBLE VRS. RIGID
PAVEMENTS

56
FLEXIBLE VRS. RIGID
PAVEMENTS

57
AIRPORT-HIGHWAY
PAVEMENTS

58
THANKS
59