ALKANA

Rumus umum: CnH2n + 2

CH4 metana (natural gas, gas rawa (swamp)

75-85% CH4
CH3–CH3 (C2H6) ethana 5-10% C2H6
1-5% C3H8

CH3–CH2–CH3 (C3H8) propana (LPG)

CH3CH2CH2CH3 (C4H10) butana

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 Alkana
CH4 CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3
Methane (CH4) Hexane (C6H14)

CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3

Ethane (C2H6) Heptane (C7H16)

CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3
Propane (C3H8) Octane (C8H18)

CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3
Butane (C4H10) Nonane (C9H20)

CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3
Pentane (C5H12) Decane (C10H22)
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4
 Gugus alkil yang umum
(C1 sampai C4)
CH3 CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH CH2
Methyl Butyl CH3

CH3 CH2 Isobutyl

Ethyl (2-Methylpropyl)

CH3
CH3 CH2 CH2
CH3 CH2 CH CH3 C
Propyl
CH3 CH3
CH3 CH
sec-Butyl tert-Butyl
CH3 (1-Methylpropyl) (1,1-Dimethylethyl)
Isopropyl
(1-Methylethyl)
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• Atom-atom karbon di dalam alkana dan senyawa
organik yang lain diklasifikasikan berdasarkan
jumlah atom karbon lain yang langsung terikat
pada atom C tersebut

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 RUMUS UMUM
SIKLOALKANA CnH2n

CH2
= siklopropana
H2C CH2

etilsiklobutana

1-isopropil-3-metilsiklopentana

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 Nomenklature alkana
(IUPAC)
Satu substituent
 Tentukan rantai terpanjang – rantai induk
 Beri nomor dari ujung yang terdekat
dengan subtituen
 Tentukan substituennya dan berilah nomor
 Gabungkan nomor dan nama substituent
dengan nama rantai induk, pisahkan
dengan tanda garis
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Nomenklature Organik

4 3 2 1
CH3 CH2 CH CH3

CH3

2-metilbutana

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 Tentukan rantai karbon
terpanjang yang tidak terputus
1 2 3
CH3 CH2 CH CH3

CH2 CH3
4 5

3-metilpentana
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Dua substituen yang berbeda
 Beri nomor cincin dari ujung yang terdekat
dengan gugus, abaikan urutan alfabetnya
 Tentukan letak gugus pada rantai dengan nomor
 Letakkan gugus secara alfabetis dengan nomor
yang sesuai
 Susunlah nama utuhnya, gunakan garis untuk
memisahkan nomor dari “text”

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 Dua atau lebih susbtituen
yang identik
 Untuk dua gugus yang identik, gunakan awalan
di pada nama gugus tersebut : dimetil, dietil, dll.
 Dimetil, alfabetisnya adalah metil, bukan dimetil
 Gunakan nomor untuk menetukan letak gugus
pada rantai
 Gunakan koma untuk memisahkan nomor
 awalan: di = 2tri = 3
tetra = 4 penta = 5
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 Penomoran dari ujung yang
dekat dengan substituen pertama
CH3

CH3 CH2 CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2 CH3

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CH2 CH3

3-etil-5-metiloktana
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 Jika anda dapat memberi nama
senyawa ini, anda dapat
mengerjakan semuanya!
CH3 CH3
1 2 3 4 5 6

CH3 CH CH2 CH CH2 C CH3

7
CH3 CH CH2
8 9
CH3 CH2 CH3
4-isopropil-2,6,6-trimetilnonana

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 Functional Groups

• Most organic molecules contain a carbon backbone

consisting of C-C and C-H bonds to which functional groups
are attached.

• A functional group is an atom or a group of atoms with

characteristic chemical and physical properties.

• Structural features of a functional group include:

• Heteroatoms—atoms other than carbon or hydrogen.
 Bonds most commonly occur in C-C and C-O double
bonds.

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Parts of a Functional Group

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 Ethane, a Molecule with No
Functional Group

• This molecule has only C-C and C-H bonds.

• It contains no polar bonds, lone pairs, or  bonds.

• Therefore, ethane has no reactive sites (functional groups).

• Consequently, ethane and molecules like it (alkanes) are very

unreactive.

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 Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons are compounds made up of only the elements
carbon and hydrogen.

• They may be aliphatic or aromatic.

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 Importance of Functional Groups

A functional group determines all of the following properties

of a molecule:
• bonding and shape
• type and strength of intermolecular forces
• physical properties
• nomenclature
• chemical reactivity

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 Intermolecular Forces

• Intermolecular forces are interactions that exist between

molecules.

• Functional groups determine the type and strength of these

interactions.

• Ionic and Covalent compounds have very different intermolecular

interactions.

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 Intermolecular Forces in Covalent Molecules

• Covalent compounds are composed of discrete molecules.

• The nature of the forces between molecules depends on the
functional group present.
• There are three different types of interactions, shown below
in order of increasing strength:
 van der Waals forces
 dipole-dipole interactions
 hydrogen bonding

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 van der Waals Forces
• van der Waals forces are also known as London forces.

• They are weak interactions caused by momentary changes in

electron density in a molecule.

• They are the only attractive forces present in nonpolar

compounds.

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 van der Waals Forces and Surface Area
• All compounds exhibit van der Waals forces.

• The larger the surface area of a molecule, the larger the

attractive force between two molecules, and the stronger the
intermolecular forces.
Figure 3.1

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 van der Waals Forces and Polarizability
• Polarizability is a measure of how the electron cloud around
an atom responds to changes in its electronic environment.

Larger atoms, like

iodine, which have
more loosely held
valence electrons, are
more polarizable than
smaller atoms like
fluorine, which have
more tightly held
electrons.
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 Dipole-Dipole Interactions
• Dipole-dipole interactions are the attractive forces between the permanent
dipoles of two polar molecules.
• The dipoles in adjacent molecules (e.g., acetone below) align so that the
partial positive and partial negative charges are in close proximity.
• These attractive forces caused by permanent dipoles are much stronger
than weak van der Waals forces.

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 Hydrogen Bonding

• Hydrogen bonding typically occurs when a hydrogen atom

bonded to O, N, or F, is electrostatically attracted to a lone
pair of electrons on an O, N, or F atom in another molecule.
• Hydrogen bonding is the strongest of the three types of
intermolecular forces.

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 Boiling Point and Intermolecular Forces
• The relative strength of the intermolecular forces increases
from pentane to butanal to 1-butanol.
• The boiling points of these compounds increase in the
same order.

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 Melting Point

• The melting point is the temperature at which a solid is

converted to its liquid phase.
• In melting, energy is needed to overcome the attractive
forces in the more ordered crystalline solid.
• The stronger the intermolecular forces, the higher the
melting point.
• For two compounds with similar functional groups, the more
symmetrical the compound, the higher the melting point.

28qccccc QQ
 Melting Point Trends

• For covalent molecules of approximately the same molecular

weight, the melting point depends upon the identity of the
functional group.
• The stronger the intermolecular attraction, the higher the
melting points (the same is true for boiling points).

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 Effect of Symmetry on Melting Points
• For compounds having the same functional group and similar molecular
weights, the more compact and symmetrical the shape, the higher the
melting point.
• A compact symmetrical molecule like neopentane packs well into a
crystalline lattice whereas isopentane, which has a CH3 group dangling
from a four-carbon chain, does not.
• Neopentane has a much higher melting point than isopentane.

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 Solubility
• Solubility is the extent to which a compound, called a solute,
dissolves in a liquid, called a solvent.
• The energy needed to break up the interactions between the
molecules or ions of the solute comes from new interactions
between the solute and the solvent.

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 Solubility Trends

• “Like dissolves like.”

• Compounds dissolve in solvents having similar kinds of
intermolecular forces.
• Polar compounds dissolve in polar solvents like water or
alcohols capable of hydrogen bonding with the solute.
• Nonpolar or weakly polar compounds dissolve in:
• nonpolar solvents (e.g., carbon tetrachloride [CCl4] and
hexane [CH3(CH2)4CH3]).
• weakly polar solvents (e.g., diethyl ether
[CH3CH2OCH2CH3]).

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 Solubility of Organic Molecules

• An organic compound is water soluble only if it contains one

polar functional group capable of hydrogen bonding with the
solvent for every five C atoms it contains.
• For example, compare the solubility of butane and acetone in
H2O and CCl4.

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 Sifat kimia dari alkana (reaksi alkana)
Alkana  kurang reaktif = parafin (parum afin = afinitas kecil)

A. Pembakaran (Combustion)
C8H18 + 
Heats (enthalpies) of combustion:  Hcomb

~ ~ ~ ~
1307.5 kcal 1306.3 kcal 1304.6 kcal 1303.0 kcal
~ ~ ~ ~

CO2 + H2O

More branched isomers have lower Hcomb, are more stable.

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B. Reaksi halogenasi

250oC – 400oC
sinar
CH4 + X2 CH3X + HX

Reaktivitas X2 : Cl2> Br2 (iodinasi tak terjadi)

H : 3o > 2o > 1 o

250oC – 400oC
sinar
CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl

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B. Reaksi oksidasi dan reduksi dalam senyawa organik

H3C CH3 H2C CH2 HC CH

oxidation
fewer C-H bonds
reduction
more C-H bonds

H2C=CH2 + H2O2  HO–CH2–CH2–OH

H2C=CH2 + H2O  CH3–CH2–OH

H2C=CH2 + H2  CH3–CH3

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Manfaat utama Alkana

• C1-C2: gas (gas alam)

• C3-C4: liquified petroleum (LPG)
• C5-C8: gasoline
• C9-C16: diesel, kerosene, jet fuel
• C17-up: lubricating oils, heating oil
• Origin: petroleum refining

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 Daftar Pustaka
• Effendy, 2006, Teori VSEPR Kepolaran dan gaya
Antarmolekul, Edisi 2, Bayumedia Publishing,
Malang
• Fessenden,R.J., Fessenden,J.S., 1997, Kimia
Organik, Jilid I, Edisi 3, Erlangga, Jakarta
• Smith,J.G.
• Sumardjo,D., 2006, Pengantar Kimia, EGC,
Jakarta