Series-Parallel Reduction Method

By: Ms. Noor Farhana Halil Binti Abdul Razak

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 Introduction
A series-parallel configuration is one
that is formed by a combination of
series and parallel elements.
A complex configuration is one in which
none of the elements are in series or
parallel.

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 Series–parallel Networks
 General approach to circuit analysis:
 Study the problem in total and make a brief mental
sketch of the overall approach you plan to use.
 Examine each region of the network independently
before tying them together in series-parallel
combinations.
 Redraw the network as often as possible with
reduced branches and undisturbed unknown
quantities to maintain clarity.

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 Series–Parallel Networks

When you have a solution, check to see that

it is reasonable by considering the
magnitudes of the energy source and the
elements in the network. If it does not seem
reasonable, either solve using another
approach or check over your work very
carefully

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 Reduce and Return Approach
 Reduce:
Reduce the circuit to its simplest form
across the source and then determine the
source current (Is).
Return:
 Using the resulting source current (Is) to
work back to the desired unknown.

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 Reduce and Return Approach

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 Reduce and Return Approach

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 Reduce and Return Approach
Example 7.1
Find I3:

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 Reduce and Return Approach
Example 7.1 – solution
R2 R3
R' 
R2  R3

12  6
  4 k
12  6

RT  R1  R'

 2  4  6 k

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 Reduce and Return Approach
Example 7.1 – solution (cont’d)

E 54
Is  
RT 6 103

 9 10 3 A  9 mA

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 Reduce and Return Approach
Example 7.1 – solution (cont’d)
Is

R2 12
I3  I s 9  6 mA
R2  R3 12  6

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 Reduce and Return Approach
Example 7.2
(a) Determine I4, Is and V2.
(b) Insert the meters to measure Is and V2.

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 Reduce and Return Approach
Example 7.2 – solution
(a) I4 
V4 E4
 
12 V
 1.46 mA
R4 R4 8.2 k

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 Reduce and Return Approach
Example 7.2 – solution (cont’d)
R2 R3 18  2
R'    1.8 k
R2  R3 18  2

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 Reduce and Return Approach
Example 7.2 – solution (cont’d)

Re  R1  R'

 6.8 1.8

 8.6 k

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 Reduce and Return Approach
Example 7.2 – solution (cont’d)
Ve E
Ie  
Re Re Ie

12 V
  1.4 mA Re 8.6 k
8.6 k

I s  Ie  I4

 1.4  1.46  2.86 mA

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 Reduce and Return Approach
Example 7.2 – solution (cont’d)

V2  I e R'
Ie
 1.4 mA  8.6 k

 2.52 V

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 Reduce and Return Approach
Example 7.2 – solution (cont’d)
(b)

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 Block Diagram Approach
 Network is broken down into
combinations of elements.
 Initially, there will be some concern about
identifying series and parallel elements, but
that will come with practice.
 In reverse, the block diagram approach
can be used effectively to reduce the
apparent complexity of a system by
identifying the major series and parallel
components of the network.
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 Block Diagram Approach
Example 7.3
Determine all the currents and voltages:

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 Block Diagram Approach
Example 7.3 – solution
Block A
RA  R1  4 

Block B
RB  R2 // R3
R2 R3

R2  R3
4 4
  2
21 Faculty4  4
 Block Diagram Approach
Example 7.3 – solution (cont’d)
Block C

RC  R4  R5

 0.5  1.5  2 

Re  RB // RC

2 2
 1
22

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 Block Diagram Approach
Example 7.3 – solution (cont’d)

RT  R1  Re

 4 1  5 

E
Is  I A 
RT

10
 2A
5
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 7.4 Block Diagram Approach
Example 7.3 – solution (cont’d)

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 7.4 Block Diagram Approach
Example 7.3 – solution (cont’d)
 RC   2 
IB  I A    2  1A
 RB  RC  2  2

IC  I A  I B  2 1  1 A

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 Block Diagram Approach
Example 7.3 – solution (cont’d)
=2A
Is = IA = I1 = 2 A =1A =1A
IB = 1 A

I2 = 0.5 A I2 I3

I3 = 0.5 A
IC = 1 A

I4 = IC = 1 A

I5 = IC = 1 A

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 Block Diagram Approach
Example 7.3 – solution (cont’d)

VA  I A RA  2  4  8 V VB  I B RB  1 2  2 V

VC  VB  2 V

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 Block Diagram Approach
Example 7.4
Determine all the currents and voltages:

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 Block Diagram Approach
Example 7.4 – solution
RA  R1 R2
9 6
  3. 6 
96

RB  R3  R4 R5 

63
 4 6
63

RC  R6  3 
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 Block Diagram Approach
Example 7.4 – solution (cont’d)
Redraw the network;

63
 3 .6 
63

 5.6 

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 Block Diagram Approach
Example 7.4 – solution (cont’d)
E
Is 
RT
16.8
 3A
5.6

I A  Is  3 A

 RC   3 
I B  I A    3  1A (Current
 RC  RB   3  6  divider rule)
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 Block Diagram Approach
Example 7.4 – solution (cont’d)

IC  I A  I B

 3 1  2 A

(Kirchhoff’s
current law)

VA  I ARA

 3 3.6  10.8 V (Ohm’s law)

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 Block Diagram Approach
Example 7.4 – solution (cont’d)

VB  I B RB  VC  IC RC

 23  6 V
(Ohm’s law)

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 Block Diagram Approach
Example 7.4 – solution (cont’d)

 R2 
I1  I A  
 R2  R1 

 6 
 3 
69

 1.2 A

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 Block Diagram Approach
Example 7.4 – solution (cont’d)

I 2  I A  I1

 31.2

 1.8 A

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 Block Diagram Approach
Example 7.7
Find V1, V3, Vab and Is:

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 Block Diagram Approach
Example 7.7 – solution
Redraw the circuit:

Net supply voltage;

E  E2  E1

 18  6  12 V

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 Block Diagram Approach
Example 7.7 – solution (cont’d)
R2
Va  VR 2 E
R1  R2

3
 12
53

 4.5 V

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 Block Diagram Approach
Example 7.7 – solution (cont’d)
R4
Vb  VR 4 E
R3  R4

2
 12
62

 3V

Vab  Va  Vb  4.5  3  1.5 V

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 Block Diagram Approach
Example 7.7 – solution (cont’d)
E
I1 
R1  R2

12
  1.5 A
53
E
I2 
R3  R4

12
  1.5 A
62 I s  I1  I 2  1.5  1.5  3 A

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 Block Diagram Approach
Example 7.8
Find V1, V2 and I:

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 Block Diagram Approach
Example 7.8 – solution
Redraw the
circuit:
E
(Note the
currents)

V2  E1  6 V

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 Block Diagram Approach
Example 7.8 – solution (cont’d)

 E1  V1  E2  0

V1  E1  E2  6  18  24 V

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 Block Diagram Approach
Example 7.8 – solution (cont’d)

 E1  V1  E2  0

V1  E1  E2  6  18  24 V

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 Block Diagram Approach
Example 7.8 – solution (cont’d)

 I1  I 2  I 3  I  0 I  I1  I 2  I 3

V1 E1 E1 24 6 6
I       5.5 A
R1 R4 R2  R3 6 6 57
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 Block Diagram Approach
Example 7.11

(a) Determine;
i  Va , Vb ,Vc
ii  Vac , Vbc
iii  I 2
iv  I s 3
(b) Insert voltmeters and ammeter to measure Va , Vbc
and I s 3
46 Faculty
 Block Diagram Approach
Example 7.11 – solution
Redraw the circuit:

(i) Va  E1  20 V

Vc  E3  8 V

E1  E2  V3  0

V3  E1  E2  20  5  15 V

Vb  V3  15 V
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 Block Diagram Approach
Example 7.11 – solution (cont’d)
(ii)
Vac  Va  Vc

 20  8  12 V

Vbc  Vb  Vc

 15  8  7 V

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 Block Diagram Approach
Example 7.11 – solution (cont’d)
(iii) V2 Vbc
I2  
R2 R2
7
  1.75 A
4
(iv)
I1  I 2  I s 3  0

Vac Vbc 12 7
I s 3   I1  I 2        2.95 A
R1 R2 10 4
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 Block Diagram Approach
Example 7.11 – solution (cont’d)
(b)

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 WYE-DELTA
TRANSFORMATIONS

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 Delta (Δ) Connection
• Resistors R1, R2, and Rm (or R3, Rm, and Rx)
are in a Delta (Δ), or pi (π) connection.

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 Wye (Y) Connection
• Resistors R1, Rm, and R3 (or R2, Rm, and Rx)
are in a wye (Y), or tee (T) connection.

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 Δ – Y Conversion

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 Δ – Y Conversion (continued)

• The resistance between the terminal pairs must

be the same for both circuits
R (R + R )
c a b = R +R
R =
ab R + R + R 1 2
a b c
R (R + R )
a b c
R = = R +R
bc R + R + R 2 3
a b c
R (R + R )
c a
R = b = R +R
ca R + R + R 1 3
a b c

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 Δ – Y Conversion (continued)

• After some algebraic manipulation

R R
R = b c
1 R +R +R
a b c
R R
R = c a
2 R +R +R
a b c
R R
a b
R =
3 R +R +R
a b c

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 Y – Δ Conversion

Faculty ECE 201 Circuit Theory I

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 Y – Δ Conversion (continued)

• The resistance between the terminal pairs

must be the same for both circuits
R (R + R )
c a b = R +R
R =
ab R + R + R 1 2
a b c
R (R + R )
a b c
R = = R +R
bc R + R + R 2 3
a b c
R (R + R )
c a
R = b = R +R
ca R + R + R 1 3
a b c
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Faculty
 Y – Δ Conversion (continued)

• After some algebraic manipulation

R R +R R +R R
R = 1 2 2 3 3 1
a R
1
R R +R R +R R
R = 1 2 2 3 3 1
b R
2
R R +R R +R R
R = 1 2 2 3 3 1
c R
3

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