Example:

“And the trees all died. They were orange trees. I don’t
know why they died, they just died. Something wrong with
the soil possibly or maybe the stuff we got from the nursery
wasn’t the best. We complained about it. So we’ve got thirty
kids there, each kid had his or her own little tree to plant
and we’ve got these thirty dead trees. All these kids looking
at these little brown sticks, it was depressing.”
--The use of the adjectives “dead” and “depressing” sets
a gloomy tone in the passage. As trees signify life here,
their unexpected “death” from an unknown cause gives the
above passage an unhappy and pessimistic tone
 RHYME

Types of poems which have the repetition of

the same or similar sounds at the end of two
or more words most often at the ends of
lines.
Rhyme Scheme – The pattern in which
end rhyme occurs.
 RYTHM

A literary device that demonstrates the long

and short patterns through stressed and
unstressed syllables, particularly
in verse form. We also call that beat meter.
Caesura - rhythmical pause in a poetic
line or a sentence. Line that has a pause at
its end is called End-stopped line. A line that
ends without pause and continues into the
next line for its meaning is called a Run-on
line or enjabment.
 TYPES OF METER
• Iamb: The Iamb is a pattern of one unstressed syllable followed by one stressed
syllable, as in the word: en-JOY.

• Trochee: The trochee is one stressed syllable followed by one unstressed syllable,
as in the word: CON-quer.

• Spondee: Spondee is a pattern of two stressed syllables in poetry. The pattern may
cross over from word to word in a poem. An example of spondee might be: GO! GO!
Both 1-syllable words are stressed.

• Anapest: The anapest is a combination of two unstressed syllables followed by one

stressed syllable. Take this phrase: to the NORTH. The first two syllables are
unstressed, while the final syllable is stressed.

• Dactyl: The dactyl is the opposite of the anapest, in that it has one stressed syllable
followed by two unstressed syllables as in the phrase: FLY a-way.
Example:
'Will there really be a morning?
Is there such a thing as day?
Could I see it from the mountains
If I were as tall as they?
Has it feet like water-lilies?
Has it feathers like a bird?
Is it brought from famous countries
Of which I have never heard?
Oh, some scholar! Oh, some sailor!
Oh, some wise man from the skies!
Please to tell a little pilgrim
Where the place called morning lies!‘
The speaker in the poem is feeling despair and wondering if there will be a 'morning,' or
hope, again.
 FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE

• is language that uses words or expressions with

a meaning that is different from the literal
interpretation.
• Simile, Metaphor, Hyperbole,Personification
 SIMILE

• is a figure of speech that directly compares two

things. By using like or as.

EXAMPLE:
Friends are like chocolate cake.
Our soldiers are as brave as lions
METAPHOR

a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is

applied to an object or action to which it is not
literally applicable.
Example:
She is fishing in troubled waters.
SYNECDOCHE - type of metaphor that
represent the whole or vice versa.
Example :

The word “bread” can be used to represent

food in general or money (e.g. he is the
breadwinner; music is my bread and butter)

The word "wheels" refers to a vehicle

• METONYMY - substitution of the name of an
attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant.
Example:
The pen is mightier than the sword

The "pen" stands in for "the written word.“

The "sword" stands in for "military aggression
and force."
 ALLITERATION

• the repetition of usually

initial consonant sounds in two or more
neighboring words or syllables .
Example:
Nick’s nephew needed new notebooks now.
Tim took tons of tools to make toys for tots.
 ASSONANCE

• is the repetition of vowel sounds to create

internal rhyming within phrases or sentences.

Example:
It beats . . . as it sweeps . . . as it cleans!

I must confess that in my quest I felt depressed

and restless