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Mendelian
Genetics
10
What is Mendelian
Genetics?
Is a type of inheritance that
follows the laws originally
proposed by Gregor Mendel.
 Gregor
Mendel
(1822-1884)

“Father of
Genetics”
13
 Particulate Inheritance

Mendel stated
that physical traits
are inherited as
“particles”

14
What do you call the Individual
Characteristics seen on the previous slide?

They are called Traits

What are the two types of
Traits?

Traitsare either
Dominant or
Recessive.
Dominant Trait

A dominant trait is a
trait that is always
expressed, or shown.
Examples are brown
hair, brown eyes, right
handed
Recessive Trait

A recessive trait is a trait

that is “masked” by the
dominant trait and seems to
disappear.
Examples are blonde hair,
blue eyes, left handed
Where Do Traits Come From?

Factors that make up an individual

come from both parents.
The trait information is passed on from
generation to generation in the form
of genes.
What are Genes?

A gene is a specific
location on a
chromosome that
controls a certain trait.
 Where Do Genes Come From?

 Anindividual needs 2 genes for each trait –

one gene from each parent.
 This gene pair is called an allele.
 One gene comes from the sperm cell (from the
Father)
 One gene comes from the egg cell (from the
Mother)
How Do Genes Get Their Information?

A chromosome is a structure in the

cell that contains the genetic
information.
Thisinformation is passed on from
one generation to the next
generation.
Gene Representation
How Do We Write Our Genetics?
 The name of the dominant trait determines what
letter is used to represent the gene.
 Use a capital of the first letter of the dominant
trait to represent the dominant gene.
 Use a small version of the first letter of the
dominant trait for the recessive gene.
Example: Right-handedness is the dominant trait so
use R for the dominant gene and use r for the
recessive gene for Left-handedness.
Example 2: Tall is the dominant trait so we use T
and we use t for the recessive gene for Short.
How Are Genes Expressed?

Traits are how our genes show and since traits

are formed from two genes, they are
described by the combination of genes that
make the pair.
Traits are described as either:
 homogeneous, (pure)
 heterogeneous, (mixed)
Homozygous = Pure (Homogeneous)

 Pure Dominant: the individual only has genes for the

dominant trait.
 Example: TT = a pure tall individual has only tall (T) genes.

 Pure Recessive: the individual only has genes for the

recessive trait.
 Example: tt = a pure short individual has only short (t)
genes.
Heterozygous = Mixed
(Heterogeneous)

A heterozygous individual has one

dominant gene and one recessive
gene for a trait. The result is the
dominant gene is the one
expressed, or shown.
 Example: Tt = a heterozygote tall
individual has both tall (T) and
short (t) genes but looks tall.
What is a Genotype and a phenotype?

 Genotype - gene combination

for a trait (e.g. RR, Rr, rr)
 Phenotype - the physical
feature resulting from a
genotype (e.g. red, white)
Mendel’s
Laws
 Results of Monohybrid Crosses
 Inheritable factors or genes are
responsible for all heritable
characteristics
 Phenotype is based on Genotype
 Each trait is based on two genes, one
from the mother and the other from
the father
 True-breeding individuals are
homozygous ( both alleles) are the
same
 Law of Dominance
In a cross of parents that are pure
for contrasting traits, only one form
of the trait will appear in the next
generation.
All the offspring will be
heterozygous and express only the
dominant trait.
RR x rr yields all Rr (round seeds)
Law of Dominance
 Law of Segregation
During the formation of gametes
(eggs or sperm), the two alleles
responsible for a trait separate from
each other.
Alleles for a trait are then
"recombined" at fertilization,
producing the genotype for the traits
of the offspring.
Applying the Law of Segregation
 Law of Independent Assortment
Alleles for different traits are
distributed to sex cells (&
offspring) independently of one
another.
This law can be illustrated using
dihybrid crosses.
How Do We Predict Offspring?

A Punnett Square is a way to show

the possible combinations of
genes that offspring of parents
could have.
 Types of Genetic Crosses
 Monohybrid cross - cross
involving a single trait
e.g. flower color
 Dihybrid cross - cross involving
two traits
e.g. flower color & plant height
 Punnett Square
Used to help
solve genetics
problems
Genes and Environment Determine
Characteristics
Mendel’s Pea Plant
Experiments
 Why peas, Pisum sativum?
Can be grown in a small
area
Produce lots of offspring
Produce pure plants when
allowed to self-pollinate
several generations
Can be artificially cross-
pollinated
 Mendel’s Experimental
Methods
Mendel hand-pollinated
flowers using a
paintbrush
He could snip the
stamens to prevent self-
pollination
Covered each flower
with a cloth bag
He traced traits
through the several
generations
How Mendel Began?

Mendel
produced
pure strains
by allowing
the plants to
self-pollinate
for several
generations
 Eight Pea Plant Traits
 Seed shape --- Round (R) or Wrinkled (r)
 Seed Color ---- Yellow (Y) or  Green (y)
 Pod Shape --- Smooth (S) or wrinkled (s)
 Pod Color ---  Green (G) or Yellow (g)
 Seed Coat Color ---Gray (G) or White (g)
 Flower position---Axial (A) or Terminal (a)
 Plant Height --- Tall (T) or Short (t)
 Flower color --- Purple (P) or white (p)
Mendel’s Experimental Results

copyright cmassengale 49
 Did the observed ratio match the theoretical ratio?

The theoretical or expected ratio of plants

producing round or wrinkled seeds is 3
round :1 wrinkled
Mendel’s observed ratio was 2.96:1
The discrepancy is due to statistical error
The larger the sample the more nearly the
results approximate to the theoretical ratio
 Generation “Gap”
 Parental P1 Generation = the parental
generation in a breeding experiment.
 F1 generation = the first-generation offspring in
a breeding experiment. (1st filial generation)
 From breeding individuals from the P1
generation
 F2 generation = the second-generation offspring
in a breeding experiment.
(2nd filial generation)
 From breeding individuals from the F1
generation
 Following the Generations

Cross 2 Results in Cross 2 Hybrids

Pure all get
Plants Hybrids 3 Tall & 1 Short
TT x tt Tt TT, Tt, tt
Monohybrid
Crosses
 P1 Monohybrid Cross
 Trait: Seed Shape
 Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled
 Cross: Round seeds x Wrinkled seeds
 RR x rr
Genotype: Rr
r r
Phenotype: Round
R Rr Rr Genotypic
Ratio: All alike
R Rr Rr Phenotypic
Ratio: All alike
 P1 Monohybrid Cross Review
 Homozygous dominant x Homozygous
recessive
 Offspring all Heterozygous (hybrids)
 Offspring called F1 generation
 Genotypic & Phenotypic ratio is ALL
ALIKE
 F1 Monohybrid Cross
 Trait: Seed Shape
 Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled
 Cross: Round seeds x Round seeds
 Rr x Rr
Genotype: RR, Rr, rr
R r
Phenotype: Round &
R RR Rr wrinkled
G.Ratio: 1:2:1
r Rr rr P.Ratio: 3:1
 F1 Monohybrid Cross Review
 Heterozygous x heterozygous
 Offspring:
25% Homozygous dominant RR
50% Heterozygous Rr
25% Homozygous Recessive rr
 Offspring called F2 generation
 Genotypic ratio is 1:2:1
 Phenotypic Ratio is 3:1
What Do the Peas Look Like?

58
 …And Now the Test Cross
Mendel then crossed a pure & a
hybrid from his F2 generation
This is known as an F2 or test cross
There are two possible
testcrosses:
Homozygous dominant x Hybrid
Homozygous recessive x Hybrid
 F2 Monohybrid Cross (1st)
 Trait: Seed Shape
 Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled
 Cross: Round seeds x Round seeds
 RR x Rr
Genotype: RR, Rr
R r
Phenotype: Round
R RR Rr Genotypic
Ratio: 1:1
R RR Rr Phenotypic
Ratio: All alike
 F2 Monohybrid Cross (2nd)
 Trait: Seed Shape
 Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled
 Cross: Wrinkled seeds x Round seeds
 rr x Rr

R r Genotype: Rr, rr
Phenotype: Round
r Rr rr & Wrinkled
G. Ratio: 1:1
r Rr rr P.Ratio: 1:1
 F2 Monohybrid Cross Review
 Homozygous x heterozygous(hybrid)
 Offspring:
50% Homozygous RR or rr
50% Heterozygous Rr
 Phenotypic Ratio is 1:1
 Called Test Cross because the
offspring have SAME genotype as
parents
 Practice Your Crosses
Work the P1, F1, and both F2
Crosses for each of the
other Seven Pea Plant Traits