2.

0 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

2.2 STRUCTURAL ELEMENT

Reinforced Concrete Slabs

Rearrangement by :-
NOR AZAH BINTI AIZIZ
KOLEJ MATRIKULASI TEKNIKAL KEDAH
 INTRODUCTION

• Concrete slabs are similar to beams

in the way they span horizontally
between supports and may be simply supported,
continuously supported or cantilevered.

• Unlike beams, slabs are relatively thin

structural members which are normally used
as floors and occasionally as roof systems
in multi-storey buildings.
 INTRODUCTION

• Slabs are constructed of reinforced concrete

poured into formwork.

• The formwork defines the shape of the

final slab when the concrete is cured (set).

• Concrete slabs are usually 150 to 300 mm deep.

 INTRODUCTION

• Slabs transmit the applied floor or

roof loads to their supports.

• Slabs may be classified into two

main groups depending on whether they
are supported on the ground or
suspended in a building.
 GROUND SLABS
• Ground slabs are those slabs that
are poured directly into excavated trenches
in the ground.

• They rely entirely on the existing

ground for support.

• The ground must be strong enough

to support the concrete slab.

• Normally, a minimum bearing capacity for

slab sites is 50 kPa.
 GROUND SLABS

• Diagram of slabs with arrow representing

applied floor and roof load pointed down to the slab.
• The slab is supported by foundation and
the slabs transmit its load to foundation.
 SUSPENDED SLABS

• Suspended slabs are slabs

that are not in direct
contact with the ground.

• They form roofs or floors

above ground level.
 SUSPENDED SLABS
Suspended slabs are grouped into two types:

i) One way slabs

- which are supported on two sides
i) two way slabs
- which are supported on all four sides.

The way a slab spans its supports

has a direct impact on the way in
which the slab will bend.
 ONE-WAY SLAB

• One way slabs are usually rectangular

where the length is two or more times
the width.
• These slabs are considered to be
supported along the two long sides
only even if there is a small amount
of support on the narrow ends.
 ONE-WAY SLAB

A diagram of a concrete slab

with two supporting sides is
shown.
The width of the slab is also
the short span.

Rule of Thumb:
For ly/lx > 2,
design as one-way
slab
ly = the length of the longer side
lx =the length of the shorter side
ONE-WAY SLAB
 ONE BEND SLAB

• It is assumed that;
one way slabs bend only in the direction
of the short span, so;
the main steel reinforcement runs in this
direction across the slab.
 ONE BEND SLAB

• A diagram of a concrete slab

with two
supporting sides is shown.
• Compression on the slab
pushes towards the
middle of the slab which
causes the slab to bend
inwards.
• Tension is distributed across
the supporting sides.
 TWO WAY SLAB

• Two way slabs are approximately square

where the length is less than double
the width and the slab is supported
equally on all four sides.
Rule of Thumb:
For ly/lx ≤ 2,
design as two-way
slab
ly = the length of the longer side
lx =the length of the shorter side
 TWO WAY SLAB

Spans equally
both direction

• A diagram of a concrete slab with

four supporting sides is shown.
• The pressure spans equally across the width
and length of the concrete slab.
TWO WAY SLAB
 TWO BEND SLAB

• These slabs are assumed to bend

in both directions, so main steel reinforcement
of equal size and spacing
is run in both directions.
 TWO BEND SLAB

• A diagram of the Compression

compression that occurs

in a two bend slab is
shown.

• The pressure runs to

the middle of the slab
which causes all four
sides to bend equally.
 Example:
Figure shows three floor layouts of a monolithic beam and slab construction.

a) State whether the floor panels are one-way or two-way spanning.

b) Sketch the tributary areas for all the beams

3050mm 3050mm 7650mm

7050mm

A A1 B C
Answer :
3050mm 3050mm 7650mm

7050mm

A A1 B C

Panel A-A1/1-2 Panel B-C/1-2

ly/lx=7050/3050 ly/lx=7650/7050
= 2.3 > 2 = 1.1 < 2
one-way slab two-way slab
 EXAMPLE :
The beams supporting the floor panel A-A1/1-2 are 350 mm deep and
150 mm thick, and the floor slab is 150 mm thick, given the density of
concrete as 24 kN/m3.
a) Calculate the self-weight of the beam A/1-2, considering only the rib of the
beam in kN/m
b)Calculate the self-weight of the slab in kN/m2
c) Calculate ultimate load on beam A/1-2 in kN/m
d)Calculate reaction force at column A/1
3050mm 3050mm 7650mm

7050mm

A A1 B C
 ANSWER :

150 350
rib

A/1 A/2
7050

a) Self-weight of the rib in kN/m Ultimate load on beam A/1-2 in kN/m

= 0.150 x (0.350-0.150) x 24 = rib self-weight + slab self- weight
= 0.72kN/m = 1.4 x 0.72 + 1.4 x 5.49
= 1.008 + 7.686
b) Self-weight of the slab in kN/m 2
= 0.15 x 24
= 8.694 kN/m
= 3.6kN/m2
d. Reaction force at column A/1
c) rib self-weight = 0.72kN/m =8.694 x 7.05/2
slab self-weight = 0.5 x w x lx =30.64kN
= 0.5 x 3.6 x 3.05
= 5.49kN/m
 One-way slab Design
• Design a one way slab supported on two brick wall
spanning 3 m c-c. The characteristic dead load
( excluded self weight slab) and characteristic live
load supports by the slab are 0.35 kN/m2 and 2.5
kN/m2.
( fcu=25 N/mm2 , fy=250 N/mm2, concrete cover=25
mm and assume diameter of main bars at 10 mm)
 One-way slab Design
• Is designed as a shallow rectangular beam
• Consider a strip 1 m wide for design
• An upper limit to the value of the
lever arm, z = 0.95 d
• The reinforcement area evaluated from;
M ult = 0.87 As fy z
 3000 mm 3000 mm 3000 mm 3000 mm

1a
7500 mm

A A1 B
A
Figure 2: Building layout plan
 One-way slab Design
Concrete compression

Fcc x 0.9x F cc
d
(d-0.9x/2)
As
Fst
Fst
a 
Steel tension
b

Equation Where:

Fcc = 0.45fcuA f cu - Characteristic of concrete strength (30N/mm2)

f y - Characteristic of reinforcement strength (460N/mm2)
Fst = 0.95As
A – area of beam cross section
∑Ma = 0 AS – area of reinforcement cross section
Fcc (d-0.9x/2) – M = 0
M – Moment
Fcc = Fst
 Section A-A
h=125

7500

Characteristic Dead load,gk

= slab self weight + weigh of services, finishing & ceiling
= 24kN/m3x h + 0.35 kN/m2
= 24 x0.125 + 0.35
= 3.35 kN/m2

Live load, qk
= 2.5kN/m2
 Gk= 3.35 x 7500 = 25.125 kN/m
Qk= 2.5 x 7500 = 18.75 kN/m

7500

Factored load on the slab

= 1.4 x 25.125 + 1.6 x 18.75
= 65.175 kN/m
TABLE: Ultimate bending moment and shear force
coefficients in one-way spanning
Refer Table:
Ultimate bending moment and shear force coefficients
in one-way spanning

As a continues beam, it is not easy to find

shear force and bending moment, so we use
diagram given.
Use middle interior span & interior support
F= 65.175 kN/m x 3.00 m = 195.53 kN

Use
M = 0.063 FL
=0.063x 195.53 x 3.00
=36.96 kNm
 Fcc
H=125 d= 125 - 25-10/2 = 95mm
Fst

7500

∑Ma = 0
Fcc=Fst
Fcc (d-0.9x/2) – M = 0

0.45 x fcu x A x (d-0.9x/2) – M = 0

0.45 x 25 x 0.9x  x 7500 x (95 - 0.9x/2) – 36.96 x 106 = 0
75937.5 x  (95-0.45x) - 36.96 x 106 = 0
7214062.5 x - 34171.875 x2  - 36.96 x 106 = 0
x =  205.86  @   5.25
Fcc =Fst
Fcc = 0.45 x 25 x 0.9(5.25 ) x 7500
= 398671.875 N
398671.875 = 0.95 x fy xAs
Where fy=250 (mild steel)

As = 398671.875 / 237.5

= 1680 mm2
Lets say for 35 rods; 2223/35 = 48 mm2 (1 rod)

So size rebar
A = Πj2= ΠD2/4 = 48 mm2
D = √ 48 x 4 / Π
D = 8 mm for 1 bar

Spacing = 7500 – 25 (2) / 34 = 219 mm

So use 35 R10 - 219 ,

(35 mild steel bar 10mm dia. with 219 spacing)