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Set Theory
1
Chapter 3 Set Theory
3.1 Sets and Subsets
A={1,3,5,7,9} 1 A,1 B ,1 C
B={x|x is odd}
C={1,3,5,7,9,...}
cardinality of A=5 (|A|=5)
A is a proper subset of B. A B
C is a subset of B. CB
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Chapter 3 Set Theory
3.1 Sets and Subsets
subsets A B x[ x A x B ]
A B x[ x A x B ]
x[ ( x A) x B )]
x[ x A x B ]
set equality C D ( C D) ( D C )
C D (C D D C )
C D D C
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Chapter 3 Set Theory
3.1 Sets and Subsets
4
Chapter 3 Set Theory
3.1 Sets and Subsets
For any finite set A with |A|=n0, there are C(n,k) subsets of
size k.
5
Chapter 3 Set Theory
3.1 Sets and Subsets
Ex. 3.10 Number of nonreturn-Manhattan paths between
two points with integer coordinated
From (2,1) to (7,4): 3 Ups, 5 Rights
R,U,R,R,U,R,R,U 8!/(5!3!)=56
permutation
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Chapter 3 Set Theory
3.1 Sets and Subsets
prove n 1 n n combinatorially.
r r r 1
Let A {x , a1 , a2 , , an }
Consider all subsets of A that contain r elements.
n 1 n n
r r r 1
those include r
all possibilities those exclude r
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Chapter 3 Set Theory
3.1 Sets and Subsets
Ex. 3.14 The Pascal's Triangle
0
binomial 0
coefficients 1 1
0 1
2 2 2
0 1 2
3 3 3 3
0 1 2 3
4 4 4 4 4
0 1 2 3 4
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Chapter 3 Set Theory
3.1 Sets and Subsets
common notations
(a) Z=the set of integers={0,1,-1,2,-1,3,-3,...}
(b) N=the set of nonnegative integers or natural numbers
(c) Z+=the set of positive integers
(d) Q=the set of rational numbers={a/b| a,b is integer, b not zero}
(e) Q+=the set of positive rational numbers
(f) Q*=the set of nonzero rational numbers
(g) R=the set of real numbers
(h) R+=the set of positive real numbers
(i) R*=the set of nonzero real numbers
(j) C=the set of complex numbers
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Chapter 3 Set Theory
3.1 Sets and Subsets
common notations
(k) C*=the set of nonzero complex numbers
(l) For any n in Z+, Zn={0,1,2,3,...,n-1}
(m) For real numbers a,b with a<b,
[ a, b] {x R | a x b} closed interval
(a, b) {x R | a x b} open interval
[a, b) {x R | a x b}
half-open interval
(a, b] {x R | a x b}
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Chapter 3 Set Theory
習題
P134 Exercises3.1
8,12,14,20
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Chapter 3 Set Theory
3.2 Set Operations and the Laws of Set Theory
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Chapter 3 Set Theory
3.2 Set Operations and the Laws of Set Theory
Theorem 3.4 For any universe U and any set A,B in U, the
following statements are equivalent:
a) A B
b) A B B reasoning process
c) A B A
(a) (b), (b) (c),
d) B A (c) (d), and (d) (a)
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Chapter 3 Set Theory
3.2 Set Operations and the Laws of Set Theory
The Laws of Set Theory
(1) A A Law of Double Complement
(2) A B A B Demorgan' s Laws
A B A B
(3) A B B A Commutative Laws
A B B A
(4) A ( B C ) ( A B ) C Associative Laws
A ( B C ) ( A B) C
(5) A ( B C ) ( A B ) ( A C ) Distributive Laws
A ( B C ) ( A B) ( A C )
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Chapter 3 Set Theory
3.2 Set Operations and the Laws of Set Theory
The Laws of Set Theory
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Chapter 3 Set Theory
3.2 Set Operations and the Laws of Set Theory
s dual of s (sd)
U
U
Theorem 3.5 (The Principle of Duality) Let s denote a theorem
dealing with the equality of two set expressions. Then sd is also
a theorem.
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Chapter 3 Set Theory
3.2 Set Operations and the Laws of Set Theory
Venn diagram A B
U
A
A A B
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Chapter 3 Set Theory
3.2 Set Operations and the Laws of Set Theory
Ex. 3.19. Negate A B .
A B {x | x A x B} A B
A B A B A B
Ex. 3.20 Negate AB .
AB {x | x A B x A B}
( A B) ( A B) ( A B) ( A B)
AB ( A B ) ( A B ) A B ( A B )
( A B ) ( A B ) [( A B ) A] [( A B ) B ]
( B A) ( A B ) ( A B ) ( A B )
AB A B
19
Chapter 3 Set Theory
3.2 Set Operations and the Laws of Set Theory
20
Chapter 3 Set Theory
習題
P146 Exercises3.2
4,8, 9,10,
21
Chapter 3 Set Theory
3.3 Counting and Venn Diagrams
U 5 A B
| A B | | A| | B | | A B |
20 10 15
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Chapter 3 Set Theory
3.3 Counting and Venn Diagrams
Ex 3.27 There are 3 games. In how many ways can one play
one game each day so that one can play each of the
three at least once during 5 days?
set A: without playing game 1
set B: without playing game 2
set C: without playing game 3 balls containers
| A| | B | | C | 2 5 1 g1
5 2
| A B | | B C | | C A| 1 g2
| A B C| 0
3
g3
5 5 4
| A B C | 3 2 3 1 0 93
5
5
Ans 3 93 150
24
Chapter 3 Set Theory
習題
P150 Exercises3.3
4,6,10
25