Evolution of Computer and

Generation of Computer

PREPARED BY:-
BHAVNEET SINGH
Abacus (3000 BC)

The abacus, also called a

counting frame, is a calculating
tool that was in use in Europe,
China and Russia. Today, abaci
are often constructed as a
bamboo frame with beads
sliding on wires, but originally
they were beans or stones
moved in grooves in sand or on
tablets of wood, stone, or metal.
Develop around 3000 years BC
in China.
Napier’s ‘Bones’ (1550 – 1617)

Napier's bones is a manually-operated

calculating device created by John Napier of
Merchiston for calculation of products and
quotients of numbers. The method was based
on Arab mathematics and the lattice
multiplication used by Matrakci Nasuh in the
Umdet-ul Hisab and Fibonacci's work in his
Liber Abaci. The technique was also called
Rabdology. Napier published his version in
1617 in Rabdology., printed in Edinburgh,
Scotland, dedicated to his patron Alexander
Seton. Using the multiplication tables
embedded in the rods, multiplication can be
reduced to addition operations and division to
subtractions. More advanced use of the rods
can even extract square roots. Note that
Napier's bones are not the same as logarithms,
with which Napier's name is also associated.
Blaise Pascal (1642)

Pascal's calculator is a mechanical calculator

invented by Blaise Pascal in the early 17th
century. Pascal was led to develop a calculator by
the laborious arithmetical calculations required
by his father's work as supervisor of taxes in
Rouen. He designed the machine to add and
subtract two numbers directly and to perform
multiplication and division through repeated
addition or subtraction. Pascal's calculator was
especially successful in the design of its carry
mechanism, which adds 1 to 9 on one dial, and
when it changes from 9 to 0, carries 1 to the next
dial. His innovation made each digit independent
of the state of the others, which enabled multiple
carries to rapidly cascade from one digit to
another regardless of the machine's capacity.
Pascal was also the first to shrink and adapt for
his purpose a lantern gear, used in turret clocks
and water wheels, which could resist the strength
of any operator input with very little added
friction.
 Leibnitz Calculator (1671)

In 1671 the German mathematician-philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm von

Leibniz designed a calculating machine called the Step Reckoner. (It was
first built in 1673.) The Step Reckoner expanded on Pascal's ideas and did
multiplication by repeated addition and shifting. Leibniz was a strong
advocate of the binary system. Binary numbers are ideal for machines
because they require only two digits, which can easily be represented by the
on and off states of a switch. When computers became electronic, the
binary system was particularly appropriate because an electrical circuit is
either on or off. This meant that on could represent true, off could
represent false, and the flow of current would directly represent the flow of
logic.
Jacquard’s Loom (1801)

The Jacquard machine is a device fitted to a

power loom that simplifies the process of
manufacturing textiles with such complex
patterns as brocade, damask and matelassé
It was invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard
in 1801 . The loom was controlled by a
"chain of cards"; a number of punched
cards laced together into a continuous
sequence Multiple rows of holes were
punched on each card, with one complete
card corresponding to one row of the design
. This use of replaceable punched cards to
control a sequence of operations is
considered an important step in the history
of computing hardware.
Babbage’s Difference Engine (1822)

Charles Babbage , a professor of

mathematics , began to construct a
small difference engine in 1819
and had completed it by 1822. This
machine used the decimal number
system and was powered by
cranking a handle. The machine
calculated logarithms tables to a
high degree of precision. The
engine was made to calculate
various mathematical functions
such as polynomial evaluation by
finite difference .
Analytical Engine (1833)

The Analytical Engine was a

proposed mechanical general-
purpose computer designed by
English mathematician and
computer pioneer Charles Babbage
.
The analytical engine was mainly
in conceptual phase and was never
completed in form of a real
machine . The Analytical Engine
incorporated an arithmetic logic
unit, control flow in the form of
conditional branching and loops,
and integrated memory, making it
the first design for a general-
purpose computer that could be
described in modern terms as
Turing-complete.
.
Hollerith’s Machine (1887)

The tabulating machine was an

electromechanical machine
designed to assist in summarizing
information stored on punched
cards. Invented by Herman
Hollerith, the machine was
developed to help process data for
the 1890 U.S. Census. Later models
were widely used for business
applications such as accounting
and inventory control. It spawned
a class of machines, known as unit
record equipment, and the data
processing industry.
Hollerith’s Machine (1887)

The tabulating machine was an

electromechanical machine
designed to assist in summarizing
information stored on punched
cards. Invented by Herman
Hollerith, the machine was
developed to help process data for
the 1890 U.S. Census. Later models
were widely used for business
applications such as accounting
and inventory control. It spawned
a class of machines, known as unit
record equipment, and the data
processing industry.
First Electronic Computer (1939)

The Atanasoff–Berry Computer (ABC) was the first automatic electronic

digital computer, an early electronic digital computing device that has
remained somewhat obscure. The ABC's priority is debated among
historians of computer technology, because it was neither programmable
nor Turing-complete. ABC was "an electrical computing machine" with
more than 300 vacuum tubes .
Mark-1 (1943)

The IBM Automatic Sequence

Controlled Calculator (ASCC),
called Mark I by Harvard
University’s staff, was a general
purpose electromechanical
computer that was used in the war
effort during the last part of World
War II. The Mark I also computed
and printed mathematical tables,
which had been the initial goal of
British inventor Charles Babbage
for his "analytical engine".
 ENAIC (1946)

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was amongst the earliest
electronic general-purpose computers made. It was Turing-complete, digital and able
to solve "a large class of numerical problems" through reprogramming. It had a
speed on the order of one thousand times faster than that of electro-mechanical
machines; this computational power, coupled with general-purpose
programmability, excited scientists and industrialists alike. The combination of
speed and programmability allowed for thousands more calculations for problems, as
ENIAC calculated a trajectory in 30 seconds that took a human 20 hours
Stored Programming Concept (1946)

Dr. john van neumann suggested the pioneer stored

program concept that proposed :
*Data and instructions are stored in a single read-
write memory .
*The momory contents are addressable by locations
*Execution takes place in a sequential fashion i.e.,
from one instructions to the next unless modified
explicitly.