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2018
Lecture By
1
A woman stands near her shack in Maharashtra's Bhamana village, where not a single
PEC – STC
home has access to electricity. More than 50LECTURE
million homes are without power in India.
Electricity in India
Statistics
• Industry followed by Agriculture are the two main sectors that consume power.
• But the power sector in India faces many roadblocks like inefficient distribution
systems, low capacity utilization and poor maintenance.
• To coat Nano TiO2 on the glass substrate using sol gel dip method for enhancing
the performance of solar cells
• Reduce the loss of 30-40% of sun radiation which happens due to reflection,
which can be overcome by glass surface texturing with titanium di oxide coating.
Hence, the efficiency of the conventional solar PV cell could be improved
INTRODUCTION
Solar cells, also called photovoltaic (PV) cells by scientists, convert sunlight
directly into electricity. PV gets its name from the process of converting light
(photons) to electricity (voltage), which is called the PV effect. Though solar energy
has its own advantage of replacing conventional energy its has few negative effects
as lower efficiency(14-15%), Low absorption of incident photons , More reflection
,etc. To overcome these effects we go for surface texturing, Surface texturing, either
in combination with an anti-reflection coating or by itself, can also be used to
minimize reflection.
SOLAR PV CELL
TITANIUM
STIRRING ETHANOL
ISOPROPOXIDE
(1 HOUR) (50ml)
(6.3ml)
ACETIC ACID
(5ml)
Activation using
palladium (II) chloride
For 5 mins
Dimethylamino Borane
Zinc Nitrate (0.05 M)
(0.05 M)
Rinsed in De-Ionized
water
(a) (b)
(c)
SEM images of (a) 100x of TiO2 coated plane glass, (b) 1000x of TiO2
coated plane glass, (c) 100x of textured TiO2 coated glass
(a)
(b)
(c)
SEM images of (a) 100x of ZnO coated plane glass, (b) 1000x of ZnO coated
plane glass, (c) 50x of textured ZnO coated glass
XRD Patterns of Tio2 Films Prepared By Sol-Gel Method
XRD patterns of TiO2 films shows Anatase is the dominant phase in this sample. The TiO 2 sample shows a preferred orientation in the (101)
direction, as indicated by strong characteristic peak at 2θ = 25.34°. Some anatase peaks appear at 2θ of 37.92° (004), 47.90° (200), 54.55° (105)
and 62.4° (204). A pure anatase phase is observed with characteristic peaks at 25.14° (101), 37.78° (004), 47.86° (200), 54.42° (105) and 62.62°
(204). This result shows that Sol-Gel method is very suitable to grow anatase TiO2 on glass substrates.
1200
A(101) TiO2
1000
800
Intensity
600
400
A(200)
R(211)
A(004) A(105)
200 A(204)
A(215)
R(301)
A(103) R(111) R(310)
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
2theta degree
XRD Patterns of ZnO Films Prepared By Electroless Method
The peaks shown at 2θ=31.67°, 34.31°, 36.14°, 47.40°, 56.52°, 62.73°, 66.28°, 67.91°, 69.03°, and 72.48° were assigned to
(100), (002), (101), (102),(110), (103), (200),(112), (201), and ( 004) of ZnO, which indicates that the samples comprised
a polycrystalline wurtzite structure (Zincite). No characteristic impurity peaks were identified, which suggests a high quality
of the ZnO is present as shown in fig
1400
(101)
1200 ZnO
1000
(002)
800
(100)
Intensity
600
400 (110)
(102) (103)
200 (112)
(201)
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
2theta degree
Transmittance of Various Samples Obtained From UV Spectrophotometer
TEXTURED GLASS
60 PLAIN GLASS
TiO +TEXTURED GLASS
2
ZnO +TEXTURED GLASS
50
Transmittance %
40
30
20
10
TiO +PLAIN
2
ZnO+PLAIN
ZnO+TEXURED
60 TiO +TEXTURED
2
PLAIN GLASS
TEXTURED GLASS
50
40
Reflectance %
30
20
10
Wavelength nm
SOLAR MODULE DESIGN
Solar wafer is procured with a dimension of 450*5mm as shown in below fig . Each
the cell have voltage of 0.5 V and current 80 mA. A solar module created with 3
wafer connected in series and dimension of dimension 450* 15mm for as shown in
below figure.
PT = theoretical power
Efficiency(η) = Pout / Pin (Pin is taken as the product of the irradiance of the incident light,
I-V Curve
measured in W/m2 and Pout is output electrical power )
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.06
0.04
0.02
current density J
0
-0.02 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85
-0.04
-0.06
-0.08
-0.1
-0.12
Voltage
Fig 4.9: Plane Glass
0.06
Current Density (mA/cm2)
0.04
0.02
0
-0.02 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85
-0.04
-0.06
-0.08
-0.1
Voltage (V)
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 0.050.10.150.20.250.30.350.40.450.50.550.60.650.70.750.80.85
-0.02
-0.04
-0.06
-0.08
-0.1
Voltage (V)
Fig 4.14: Textured Glass coated with TiO2
Results obtained from Solar Simulator
Plane+ ZnO coating 0.398008 0.035652 0.550219 0.038902 0.01419 0.662934 14.18997
Textured+ ZnO
coating 0.400955 0.035677 0.553469 0.038902 0.014305 0.664382 14.3049
Textured+ TiO2
coating 0.401973 0.035683 0.554557 0.038902 0.014343 0.664864 14.3434
Efficiency of solar cell with different from glass samples from Solar Simulator
14.5
14.4
14.3
14.2
14.1
14
13.9
Efficiency in %
13.8
13.7
13.6
13.5
13.4
13.3
13.2
13.1
13
glass Textured glass Plane glass+ZnO coating Textured+ZnO coating Plane+ TiO2 coating Textured+ TiO2 coating
CONCLUSION
1. EFFECT OF GLASS TEXTUIRING
The transmittance of the glass increased from 35 % to 45 %, reflectance is reduced from 56% to 45 % and the efficiency of
the solar cell is increased about 1 % compared to plain glass.
The Nano TiO2 is coated with Sol- Gel Dip coating method over the textured glass surface and the transmittance of the coated
glass increased from 34 % to 56 %, reflectance is reduced from 56% to 34 % and the efficiency of the solar cell is increased
about 1.1 % compared to plain glass from the results obtained solar simulator.
The Nano ZnO is coated with electroless coating method over the textured glass and the transmittance of the coated glass
increased from 34 % to 46 %, reflectance is reduced from 56% to 44 % and the efficiency of the solar cell is increased about
1% compared to plain glass from the results obtained solar simulator.
FUTURE SCOPE
1. Other Nano metal oxide like MgO, CuO, Al2O3 can be used for anti- reflecting coating.
• Ochiaia.T, A. Fujishimaa, “Photoelectrochemical properties of TiO2 photo catalyst and its application for environmental purification”, Photobiol, J. Photochem., C
Photochem. Rev. 13 (2012) 247–262.
• Kamegawa.T, Y. Shimizu, H. Yamashita, “Super hydrophobic surfaces with photocatalytic self-cleaning properties by nanocomposite coating of TiO2 and
polytetrafluoroethylene” Adv. Mater. 24 (2012) 3697–3700.
• Kim.D.J, S.H. Hahn, S.H. Oh, E.J. Kim, “Influence of calcination temperature on structural and optical properties of TiO2 thin films prepared by sol–gel dip
coating”, Mater. Lett. 57 (2000) 355–360.
• Wood T.J., G. A. Hurst, W. C. E. Schofield, R. L. Thompson, G. Oswald, J. S. O. Evans, G. J. Sharples, C. Pearson, M. C. Petty and J. P. S. Badyal, “Electroless
deposition of multi-functional zinc oxide surfaces displaying photoconductive, super hydrophobic, photo wetting, and antibacterial properties”, Journal of Materials
Chemistry 2011 22(9): 3859-3867
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