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ELECTRICAL DEFINITION
CONTENTS
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STUDY OF BASIC ELECTRICAL DEFINITION
This presentation will
• Define voltage, current, and resistance.
• Define and apply Ohm’s Law.
• Introduce series circuits.
o Current in a series circuit
o Resistance in a series circuit
o Voltage in a series circuit
• Define and apply Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.
• Introduce parallel circuits.
o Current in a parallel circuit
o Resistance in a parallel circuit
o Voltage in a parallel circuit
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• Define and apply Kirchhoff’s Current Law.
ELECTRICITY – THE BASICS
An understanding of the basics of electricity
requires the understanding of three
fundamental concepts.
Voltage
Current
Resistance
Frequency
Andre Ampere
1775-1836 4
French Physicist
VOLTAGE
Voltage – Voltage is the electrical force that
causes current to flow in a circuit. It is
measured in VOLTS.
Alessandro Volta
1745-1827 5
Italian Physicist
RESISTANCE
Resistance – Resistance is a measure of
opposition to current flow. It is measured in
Ohms.
German Physicist
FREQUENCY
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LAWS OF RESISTANCE
• It varies directly with its Length – L
• It varies inversely as cross section of the
conductor – A
• It depends on the nature of the materials
• It also depends on the temperature of the
conductor
• R = ρ.L/A
• ρ is the resistivity of the conductor
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AN ANALOGY
The flow of water from one tank to another is a good
analogy for an electrical circuit and the mathematical
relationship between voltage, resistance, and current.
Force: The difference in the water levels ≡ Voltage
Force
Flow
Opposition
ANATOMY OF A FLASHLIGHT
Switch Switch
Light Light
Bulb Bulb
Battery - +
Battery
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Block Diagram Schematic Diagram
FLASHLIGHT SCHEMATIC
Current
Resistance
- + - +
Voltage
V
I
V
(amperes , A )
I R R
V V
R (ohms , )
I R I
V
V I R ( volts , V )
I R
EXAMPLE: OHM’S LAW
Example:
The flashlight shown uses a 6 volt
battery and has a bulb with a
resistance of 150 . When the
flashlight is on, how much current
will be drawn from the battery?
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EXAMPLE: OHM’S LAW
Example:
The flashlight shown uses a 6 volt battery and
has a bulb with a resistance of 150 . When
the flashlight is on, how much current will be
drawn from the battery?
Solution:
Schematic Diagram
IR
V
+
VT = VR I R
-
VR 6V
IR 0.04 A 40 mA 16
R 150
CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION
Components in a circuit can be connected in one
of two ways.
Series Circuits Parallel Circuits
Components are connected Both ends of the components
end-to-end. are connected together.
There is only a single path for There are multiple paths for
current to flow. current to flow.
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Components
(i.e., resistors, batteries, capacitors, etc.)
SERIES CIRCUITS
Characteristics of a series circuit
The current flowing through every series component is equal.
The total resistance (RT) is equal to the sum of all of the
resistances (i.e., R1 + R2 + R3).
The sum of all of the voltage drops (VR1 + VR2 + VR2) is equal to
the total applied voltage (VT). This is called Kirchhoff’s Voltage
Law. V R1
IT + -
+ +
VT VR2
- -
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- +
RT
VR3
EXAMPLE: SERIES CIRCUIT
Example:
For the series circuit shown, use the laws of circuit theory to calculate
the following:
• The total resistance (RT)
• The current flowing through each component (IT, IR1, IR2, and IR3)
• The voltage across each component (VT, VR1, VR2, and VR3)
• Use the results to verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.
VR1
IT + -
+ IR1 +
VT IR2 VR2
- IR3 -
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- +
RT
VR3
EXAMPLE: SERIES CIRCUIT
Solution:
Total Resistance:
R T R1 R2 R3
R T 220 470 1.2 k
R T 1890 1.89 k
VT
IT (Ohm' s Law) V
RT
12 v I R
IT 6.349 mAmp
1.89 k
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EXAMPLE: SERIES CIRCUIT
Solution
: Verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law:
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PARALLEL CIRCUITS
Characteristics of a Parallel Circuit
The voltage across every parallel component is equal.
The total resistance (RT) is equal to the reciprocal of the sum of
the reciprocal:
1 1 1 1 1
RT
R T R1 R 2 R 3 1 1 1
R1 R 2 R 3
The sum of all of the currents in each branch (IR1 + IR2 + IR3) is
equal to the total current (IT). This is called Kirchhoff’s Current
Law.
IT
+ + + +
VT VR1 VR2 VR3
- - - -
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RT
EXAMPLE: PARALLEL CIRCUIT
Example:
For the parallel circuit shown, use the laws of circuit theory to calculate
the following:
• The total resistance (RT)
• The voltage across each component (VT, VR1, VR2, and VR3)
• The current flowing through each component (IT, IR1, IR2, and IR3)
• Use the results to verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law.
IT
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RT
EXAMPLE: PARALLEL CIRCUIT
Solution:
Total Resistance:
1
RT
1 1 1
R1 R 2 R 3
1
RT
1 1 1
470 2.2 k 3.3 k
R T 346.59
V
VR2 15 v
IR2 6.818 mAmps I R
R2 2.2 k
VR3 15 v
IR3 4.545 mAmp
R3 3.3 k
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VT 15 v
IT 43.278 mAmp
RT 346.59
EXAMPLE: PARALLEL CIRCUIT
Solution:
Verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law:
IT IR1 IR2 IR3
43.278 mAmps 31.915 mA 6.818 mA 4.545 mA
43.278 mAmps 43.278 mAmps
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SUMMARY OF KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL):
The sum of all of the voltage drops in
a series circuit equals the total
applied voltage.
Gustav Kirchhoff
1824-1887
German Physicist
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL):
The total current in a parallel circuit
equals the sum of the individual
branch currents.
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QUESTIONS:
1. Define Voltage.
2. Define Current.
3. Define Ohm’s Law.
4. Define Kirchoff’s Current Law.
5. Define Kirchoff’s Voltage Law.
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THANK YOU
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