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STUDY OF BASIC

ELECTRICAL DEFINITION

CONTENTS

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STUDY OF BASIC ELECTRICAL DEFINITION
This presentation will
• Define voltage, current, and resistance.
• Define and apply Ohm’s Law.
• Introduce series circuits.
o Current in a series circuit
o Resistance in a series circuit
o Voltage in a series circuit
• Define and apply Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.
• Introduce parallel circuits.
o Current in a parallel circuit
o Resistance in a parallel circuit
o Voltage in a parallel circuit
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• Define and apply Kirchhoff’s Current Law.
ELECTRICITY – THE BASICS
An understanding of the basics of electricity
requires the understanding of three
fundamental concepts.
Voltage

Current

Resistance

Frequency

A direct mathematical relationship exists


between voltage, resistance, and current in all
electronic circuits. 3
VOLTAGE, CURRENT, & RESISTANCE
Current – Current is the flow of electrical
charge through an electronic circuit. The
direction of a current is opposite to the
direction of electron flow. Current is
measured in AMPERES (AMPS).

Andre Ampere
1775-1836 4

French Physicist
VOLTAGE
Voltage – Voltage is the electrical force that
causes current to flow in a circuit. It is
measured in VOLTS.

Alessandro Volta
1745-1827 5

Italian Physicist
RESISTANCE
Resistance – Resistance is a measure of
opposition to current flow. It is measured in
Ohms.

Georg Simon Ohm


1789-1854 6

German Physicist
FREQUENCY

For an alternating current, the


frequency is the number of times that
the current goes through a complete
cycle per second. It is measured in
Hertz (cycles per second)

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LAWS OF RESISTANCE
• It varies directly with its Length – L
• It varies inversely as cross section of the
conductor – A
• It depends on the nature of the materials
• It also depends on the temperature of the
conductor
• R = ρ.L/A
• ρ is the resistivity of the conductor
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AN ANALOGY
The flow of water from one tank to another is a good
analogy for an electrical circuit and the mathematical
relationship between voltage, resistance, and current.
Force: The difference in the water levels ≡ Voltage

Flow: The flow of the water between the tanks ≡ Current

Opposition: The valve that limits the amount of water ≡ Resistance

Force
Flow

Opposition
ANATOMY OF A FLASHLIGHT

Switch Switch
Light Light
Bulb Bulb

Battery - +
Battery
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Block Diagram Schematic Diagram
FLASHLIGHT SCHEMATIC

Current

Resistance

- + - +
Voltage

 Closed circuit (switch closed)  Open circuit (switch open)


 Current flow  No current flow
 Lamp is on  Lamp is off
 Lamp is resistance, uses  Lamp is resistance, but is not
energy to produce light (and using any energy 11
heat)
CURRENT FLOW
 Conventional Current assumes
that current flows out of the
positive side of the battery, Conventional
through the circuit, and back Current
to the negative side of the
battery. This was the
convention established when
electricity was first discovered,
but it is incorrect!
 Electron Flow is what actually
happens. The electrons flow
out of the negative side of the
battery, through the circuit, Electron
and back to the positive side Flow
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of the battery.
OHM’S LAW
 Defines the relationship between voltage, current,
and resistance in an electric circuit
 Ohm’s Law:
Current in a resistor varies in direct proportion to the
voltage applied to it and is inversely proportional to the
resistor’s value.
 Stated mathematically:
V
V + -
I
R I R

Where: I is the current (amperes)


V is the potential difference (volts)
R is the resistance (ohms)
OHM’S LAW TRIANGLE

V
I
V
(amperes , A )
I R R

V V
R (ohms ,  )
I R I

V
V  I R ( volts , V )
I R
EXAMPLE: OHM’S LAW
Example:
The flashlight shown uses a 6 volt
battery and has a bulb with a
resistance of 150 . When the
flashlight is on, how much current
will be drawn from the battery?

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EXAMPLE: OHM’S LAW
Example:
The flashlight shown uses a 6 volt battery and
has a bulb with a resistance of 150 . When
the flashlight is on, how much current will be
drawn from the battery?
Solution:
Schematic Diagram
IR
V
+
VT = VR I R
-

VR 6V
IR    0.04 A  40 mA 16
R 150 
CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION
Components in a circuit can be connected in one
of two ways.
Series Circuits Parallel Circuits
 Components are connected  Both ends of the components
end-to-end. are connected together.
 There is only a single path for  There are multiple paths for
current to flow. current to flow.

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Components
(i.e., resistors, batteries, capacitors, etc.)
SERIES CIRCUITS
Characteristics of a series circuit
 The current flowing through every series component is equal.
 The total resistance (RT) is equal to the sum of all of the
resistances (i.e., R1 + R2 + R3).
 The sum of all of the voltage drops (VR1 + VR2 + VR2) is equal to
the total applied voltage (VT). This is called Kirchhoff’s Voltage
Law. V R1
IT + -

+ +
VT VR2
- -

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- +
RT
VR3
EXAMPLE: SERIES CIRCUIT
Example:
For the series circuit shown, use the laws of circuit theory to calculate
the following:
• The total resistance (RT)
• The current flowing through each component (IT, IR1, IR2, and IR3)
• The voltage across each component (VT, VR1, VR2, and VR3)
• Use the results to verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.
VR1
IT + -

+ IR1 +
VT IR2 VR2
- IR3 -

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- +
RT
VR3
EXAMPLE: SERIES CIRCUIT
Solution:
Total Resistance:
R T  R1  R2  R3
R T  220   470   1.2 k
R T  1890   1.89 k

Current Through Each Component:

VT
IT  (Ohm' s Law) V
RT
12 v I R
IT   6.349 mAmp
1.89 k

Since this is a series circuit : 20


I T  I R1  I R2  I R3  6.349 mAmp
EXAMPLE: SERIES CIRCUIT
Solution
: Voltage Across Each Component:
VR1  IR1  R1  (Ohm' s Law)
VR1  6.349 mA  220 Ω  1.397 volts

VR2  IR2  R2 (Ohm' s Law)


VR2  6.349 mA  470 Ω  2.984 volts V
I R
VR3  IR3  R3 (Ohm' s Law)
VR3  6.349 mA  1.2 K Ω  7.619 volts

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EXAMPLE: SERIES CIRCUIT
Solution
: Verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law:

VT  VR1  VR2  VR3


12 v  1.397 v  2.984 v  7.619 v
12 v  12 v

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PARALLEL CIRCUITS
Characteristics of a Parallel Circuit
 The voltage across every parallel component is equal.
 The total resistance (RT) is equal to the reciprocal of the sum of
the reciprocal:
1 1 1 1 1
   RT 
R T R1 R 2 R 3 1 1 1
 
R1 R 2 R 3
 The sum of all of the currents in each branch (IR1 + IR2 + IR3) is
equal to the total current (IT). This is called Kirchhoff’s Current
Law.
IT

+ + + +
VT VR1 VR2 VR3
- - - -
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RT
EXAMPLE: PARALLEL CIRCUIT
Example:
For the parallel circuit shown, use the laws of circuit theory to calculate
the following:
• The total resistance (RT)
• The voltage across each component (VT, VR1, VR2, and VR3)
• The current flowing through each component (IT, IR1, IR2, and IR3)
• Use the results to verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law.
IT

IR1 IR2 IR3


+ + + +
VT VR1 VR2 VR3
- - - -
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RT
EXAMPLE: PARALLEL CIRCUIT
Solution:
Total Resistance:
1
RT 
1 1 1
 
R1 R 2 R 3
1
RT 
1 1 1
 
470  2.2 k 3.3 k
R T  346.59 

Voltage Across Each Component:

Since this is a parallel circuit :


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VT  VR1  VR2  VR3  15 volts
EXAMPLE: PARALLEL CIRCUIT
Solution:
Current Through Each Component:
VR1
IR1  (Ohm' s Law)
R1
V 15 v
IR1  R1   31.915 mAmps
R1 470 

V
VR2 15 v
IR2    6.818 mAmps I R
R2 2.2 k 

VR3 15 v
IR3    4.545 mAmp
R3 3.3 k 
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VT 15 v
IT    43.278 mAmp
RT 346.59 
EXAMPLE: PARALLEL CIRCUIT
Solution:
Verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law:
IT  IR1  IR2  IR3
43.278 mAmps  31.915 mA  6.818 mA  4.545 mA
43.278 mAmps  43.278 mAmps

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SUMMARY OF KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL):
The sum of all of the voltage drops in
a series circuit equals the total
applied voltage.
Gustav Kirchhoff
1824-1887
German Physicist
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL):
The total current in a parallel circuit
equals the sum of the individual
branch currents.
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QUESTIONS:
1. Define Voltage.
2. Define Current.
3. Define Ohm’s Law.
4. Define Kirchoff’s Current Law.
5. Define Kirchoff’s Voltage Law.

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THANK YOU

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