Activity to compare physical

variable express into standard

unit
 Data Data
Sensing
Manipulated presentation
Element
Element Element

It is also important to mention that a power supply is an

important element for the entire system.
 Range : The region between the limits within which a quantity is

measured, received or transmitted. It is expressed by stating the

lower and upper range values.

 Span : the algebraic difference between the upper and lower range

values

 Elevated zero range : a range in which zero value of the measured

variable is greater than lower range value

 Suppressed zero range : a range in which zero value of the measured

variable is less than lower range value

 Accuracy (closeness to true value)

 Precision (spread of readings, repeatability)

 Resolution (the smallest step that can be

distinguished)

 Robustness (noise, disturbance, or load)

 Response time (fast response/high bandwidth)

 Most sensitive

Variation of the physical variables

 Accuracy vs Repeatability
High accuracy means that the mean is close to the true
value, while high precision means that the standard
deviation σ is small.
Range of termocouple 40 – 360 centigrade, when
temperature 80 centigrade, output
transmiter…..mA,….Vdc…..psi

- (40/320 x 16)+ 4 = 6 mA
- (40/320 x 4) + 1 = 1.5 Vdc
- (40/320) x 12) + 3 = 4.5 psi
Measuring – compare – calculate - correction

Error
+
Control Unit Control Valve Process
Set Point
Controlled
- Variable
Controller

Transmitter Sensing Element

Process Variable
 Internal energy
is therefore the sum of the kinetic energy and
potential energy of the atoms and molecules,
which make up a substance

Temperature
therefore is a measure of the level of internal
energy

Heat
is an energy transfer process from one body
to another, due to the temperature difference
existing between the two bodies .
 The temperature of the fluid in different parts of a
process vessel may vary

 Temperature gradients may exist between different

points, and the measuring device may not sense the
true temperature

 There may be a temperature gradient between the two

ends of a sensor, such as a thermometer, which will
affect the indicated temperature

 Heat will be radiated from the measuring device to the

surroundings if the temperature measured is higher

 Changes in temperature of the measured fluid will not

be sensed immediately by the measuring device,
because some time is required for heat to be conducted
to the sensing element. This results in a time lag,
during which the temperature of the fluid changes
 Boiling Point
 The temperature a liquid and its vapour may exist in
phase equilibrium at atmospheric pressure

 Triple Point
 When all three phases, solid - liquid - vapour, coexist in
equilibrium, but at only one definite pressure and
temperature

 Freezing Point
 The temperature a solid and its liquid may exist in phase
equilibrium at atmospheric pressure

 Absolute Zero
 The temperature at which a system undergoes a
reversible isothermal process without the transfer of heat
 Fig 1: Temperature Element

TW

Fig 2: Temperature Element with Thermowell

Fig 3: Temperature Indicator
Fig 4: Temperatur Transmitter
 Temperature effect to :
– rate of reaction
– viscosity
– state of a matter
– strength of materials
– safety of a process
• Safety
◦ to prevent explosion as a result of excessive temperature
• Efficiency
◦ example:- Air -Conditioning
» accurate temperature measurement prevent the supplier
from overcooling the air, which saves energy and increases
efficiency
• Product Quality & Yield
◦ variation from optimum temperature result in
» very little production of the desired product
» creation of waste product
◦ precise temperature measurement ensures efective separation
of products in
» distillation column
» catalytic cracking processes
• Custody Transfer
◦ amount of material that is bought & sold
◦ extremely important to know exact temperature when
determining volumetric flow rate of gas
◦ amount of material contained in a specific volume of gas
» decreases with rising temperatures
» increases with falling temperatures
◦ inaccurate temperature measurement result in
» over or under-charging customers during custody
transfer

20
 The Fahrenheit scale
 The Rankine scale
 The Celsius scale
 The Kelvin scale.
BOILING POINT
OF WATER 373 100° 672 212°

ICE POINT 273 0° 492 32°

ABSOLUTE 0 -273° -460 0°

ZERO
kELVIN CELSIUS RANKINE FAHRENHEIT
 Rankine Fahrenheit Kelvin Celsius
Rankine °F = °R - 460

Fahrenhe °R = °F +
°C=5/9(°F-32)
it 460

Kelvin °C = K - 273
°F=9/5°C K = °C +
Celsius
+32 273
 (30)/(F-32) = 5/9
30°C = …… °F 58=F-32
50K = ….…°C F=90

142°R = ……°F C=(50-273)

C=-223
343K = ….…°F

(R-492)/(F-32)=5/9
-50/(F-32)=5/9
F-32=-90
F=58 (K-273)/(F-32)=5/9
70/(F-32)=5/9
F-32=126
F=5158