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Sensors in
Robotics
Review: Why is robotics hard?
sensors are:
limited
inaccurate
noisy
effectors are:
limited
crude
the state (internal and external, but mostly external) of the robot
is partially-observable, at best
the environment:
often dynamic (changing over time)
full of potentially-needed information
• Sensors are one of the key
elements as well as limitations in Sensors
robotics.
Sensors constitute the perceptual
system of a robot. magnetism -> compasses
Sensors do not deliver state! smell -> chemical
Sensors are physical devices that temperature -> thermal, infra
measure physical quantities, such red
as:
inclination -> inclinometers,
physical property ->
gyroscopes
technology
contact -> bump, switch pressure -> pressure gauges
that's computation
Processing sensory data needs brain
Examples of proprioception :
path integration (dead-reconning)
balancing
all movements...
Affordances
• Affordances are "potentialities for action inherent in an
object or scene" (Gibson 1979, psychology)
• Let's think about something even more simple: how would you
measure distance:
ultrasound sensors give you distance directly (time of flight)
infra red through return signal intensity
two cameras (i.e., stereo) can give you distance/depth
a camera can compute it from perspective
use a laser and a fixed camera, triangulate
structured light; overlying grid patterns on the world
frequency and phase modulation
interferometry
Sensor Fusion
• Another clever thing to do is to combine multiple sensors on a robot
to get better information about the world.
• This is called sensor fusion.
• Sensor fusion is not simple:
– Different sensors give different types, accuracy and complexity of information;
– processing is necessary to put them together in an intelligent and useful way,
– and in real-time.
• It consists of:
– selective gathering in of light
– projection or focusing of light on a photoreceptive surface
– conversion of light energy into a pattern of chemical or electrical
activity
Costs and Benefits of Sensing
• A cost of sensing of a system in terms of:
– 1. energy,
– 2. organizational complexity and
– 3. the possibility of malfunction.
• Note:
– insects lack these specialized organs,
– instead, they depend on the information from many sense organs
associated with their joints to provide relevant information.
Specialist and Generalist Receptors
• 1. Receptors which are specialists respond only to a
restricted range of whatever they are sensing.
– For example, olfactory specialists have a restricted
spectrum of response to odors
• with an acute sensitivity to only a single compound such as a
pheromone.