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PRESENTATION
Presenter
Ch. Mahesh Kumar
M.E (CEM)
Roll No: 0109 -1177
Supervisor
Dr.V.S.S KUMAR
Outline
• Objectives
• Need for CBR
• About CBR
• Advantages & Disadvantages of CBR
• Different Approaches of CBR
• Methodology
• Cases / Case Study
• CBR Tools
• Soft Computing Approach
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Objectives
The primary objective of the project thesis is
intended to point out the need for safety in
construction industry and to bring forth the role of
CBR in accident prevention in construction projects.
1 Falling of Persons 45
2 Falling of Material 14
3 Transport 14
4 Lifting Equipment 7
5 Excavation 7
6 Electricity 6
7 Other Causes 7
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Major areas of Risk
Prevention of accidents is the major aim of safety management.
• Excavation
• Drilling & Blasting
• Road works (Hot Bituminous)
• Scaffolding, Ladders, Formwork equipment
• Fabrication & Erection
• Storage
• Demolition 5
Types of Hazards at Construction Sites
• House keeping
• Means of access & egress
• Lightning and ventilation
• Dangerous and harmful environment
• Fume/Gases due to welding and cutting
• Dust, gases,& fumes
• Excessive noise
• Corrosive substances
• Lifting and carrying of excessive weight
• Fall of person, objects and materials
• Entry of unauthorized persons
• Slipping, tripping, cutting, drawing and falling hazards
• Safety in the use of Electricity.
• safety in use and handling of explosives
• Storage of explosive and blasting agents
• Safety in the erection, use and dismantling of scaffolds
• Fire Hazards 6
Need for CBR
A case-based reasoning solves new problems by using or adapting
solutions that were used to solve old problems. In simple case-based
reasoning means learning from previous experiences.
The Basic Principle in this decision support system is that once data
pertaining to a case is fed to the system, the decision support system
compares these details with those for a wide range of cases stored in
memory; it then retrieves similar cases from memory.
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About CBR
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Advantages of CBR
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Advantages of CBR Decision Supporting System
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Working Methodology of CBR Cycle:
The 4 - R approach
RETRIEVE RETAIN
find similar integrate in
problems case-base
CBR
REUSE REVISE
propose solutions adapt and repair
from retrieved cases proposed solution
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CBR Solving Problems
Solution
Retain Review
Database Adapt
Retrieve
Similar
New
Problem
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CBR Process
1. Search for and retrieve the most relevant cases from case memory
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Different approaches of CBR
1. Textual Approach
2. Conversational Approach
3. Structural Approach
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Textual Approach
Cases are recorded as free text. Cases
may be product descriptions, service
reports etc.
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Conversational Approach
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Structural Approach
A common structure for knowledge
representation called the domain model is first
defined.
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The 4-RE’s
Retrieving
Retrieving a case starts with a problem description and ends when a best matching
case has been found. The subtasks involve:
1. Identifying a set of relevant problem descriptors;
2. Matching the case and returning a set of sufficiently similar cases
3. Selecting the best case from the set of cases returned
2. Reusing
Reusing the retrieved case solution in the context of the new case focuses on
identifying the differences between the retrieved and the current case. Also identify
the part of a retrieved case which can be transferred to the new case. Generally the
solution of the retrieved case is transferred to the new case directly as its solution
case.
3. Revising
Revising the case solution generated by the reuse process is necessary when the
solution proves incorrect. This provides an opportunity to learn from failure.
Retaining
Retaining the case is the process of incorporating whatever is useful from the new
case into the case library. This involves deciding what information to retain and in
what form to retain it; how to index the case for future retrieval; and integrating the
new case into the case library.
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CBR Tools
• ART*Enterprise
• Case-1
• CasePower
• CBR2
• Eclipse
• ESTEEM
• KATE
• ReCall
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METHODOLOGY ADOPTED
The first step is to input the 20 cases that constitute the case
base.
Building the case base involved not only inputting data for
every input feature for each of the 20 cases but also
adopting a method of similarity assessment.
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CASE REPRESENTATION
Case_id: 1
Problem features
Location :
Accident Type :
Company Name :
Construction Type :
Cost :
Accident Description :
Solution
Solution adopted :
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SIMILARITY ASSESSMENT
Similarities are usually normalized to fall with in the range 0 to 1, where 1 means a
perfect match and 0 indicates a total mismatch.
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Nearest Neighbour Techniques
The similarity of the problem (target) case to a case in the case-library for each
case attribute is determined.
This measure is multiplied by a weighting factor. Then the sum of the similarity
of all attributes is calculated to provide a measure of the similarity of that case in
the library to the target case. This can be represented by the equation:
where:
This calculation is repeated for every case in the case-library to rank cases by similarity to the target.
Similarities are usually normalised to fall within a range of 0 to 1 (where 0 is totally dissimilar and 1
is an exact match) or as a percentage similarity where one hundred percent is an exact match.
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Nearest Neighbour Retrieval
• Retrieve most similar
• k-nearest neighbour
– k-NN
– like scoring in bowls or curling
• Example
– 1-NN
– 5-NN
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Sample Case
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Technical
Diagnosis of Car
Faults
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Problem to be solved
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How CBR solves problems
• New problem can be solved by
– retrieving similar problems
– adapting retrieved solutions
• Similar problems have similar solutions
P? P P PP
P P
P P
S S S
S S X S S
S S
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Similarity Computation for Case 1
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Similarity Measurement
• Feature: Battery Voltage .1
.9
12.6 13.6 12.6 6.7
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More Applications
• e-Commerce • Re-Design
– sales support for standard – gas taps for Copreci
products
– sales support for
customised products
• Personalisation • Formulation (recipes)
– TV listings from – rubber for racing tyres
Changing Worlds for Pirelli
– music on demand from
Kirch Media – tablets for AstraZeneca
– news stories via car radios
for DaimlerBenz 37
Thank you
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